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HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
HONOLULU,  HAWAII 

BULLETIN  No.  48 


Under  the  snperrlsion  of  the 
UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


SWINE  RAISING  IN  HAWAII 


BT 

F.  G.  KRAUSS, 

Superintendent  of  Extension  Work 


May  SI,  1922 


-      UNIV.  OF  Fi 
DOCUMENTS  D£PT. 


OEPOSiTOFT 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

192S 


HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATI0N 
HONOLULU,  HAWAII 

BULLETIN  No.  48 


Under  the  supervision  of  the 
UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


SWINE  RAISING  IN  HAWAII 


BY 


F.  G.  KRAUSS, 

Superintendent  of  Extension  Work 


Issued  May  31,  1923 


^rZ&^-u 


WASHINGTON- 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING   OFFICE 
1923 


HAWAII   AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT   STATION,   HONOLULU. 

[Under  the   supervision  of  the  States   Relations  Service,    United   States   Department    of 

Agriculture.  ] 

A.  C.  Teue,  Director. 

E.  W.  Allen,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 
Walter  H.   Evans,   Chief,  Division  of  Insular  Stations, 

Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 

STATION  STAFF. 

J.  M.  Westgate,  Agronomist  in  Charge. 
Willis  T.  Pope,  Horticulturist. 

F.  G.  Krauss,  Superintendent  of  Extension  Work} 
H.  L.  Chung,  Agronomist. 

J.  C.  Ripperton,  Chemist. 

R.  A.  Goff,  Extension  Agent,  Island  of  Hawaii. 

Nellie  A.  Russell,  Collaborator  in  Home  Economics. 

1  Resigned  Nov.  1,  1921. 
n 


SWINE  RAISING  IN  HAWAII. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 1 

The    hog's   claim    for    favor    in    Ha- 
waii    2 

Establishing   the   swine  plant 4 

The  foundation   stock 3? 

General  management  of  the  herd 17 

Some   principles  of   feeding 19 

Diseases  and  ailments 22 

Vermin  and  intestinal  worms 25 


Page. 
Feeding    experiments    and    practices 

at  the   Haiku   substation 26 

Methods    of    management    practiced 

by  some  of  the  leading  ranchers-  35 

Some    factors    governing    successful 

swine    production 40 

Killing    and    curing 41 

Territorial  regulations  governing  the 

importation    of    swine 42 


INTRODUCTION 

Probably  no  other  industry  in  Hawaii  is  so  deserving  of  thought- 
ful consideration  or  has  assumed  such  large  proportions  in  the  last 
decade  as  the  swine  industry.  Large  quantities  of  fresh  pork  have 
always  been  consumed  by  the  Chinese  population  of  the  Territory, 
but  only  a  very  small  quantity  was  produced  at  home  until  the  early 
part  of  1910.  The  importations  of  that  year  numbered  411  head  of 
swine,  which  was  1,249  less  than  had  been  imported  the  year  pre- 
vious. That  swine  do  not  necessarily  have  to  be  imported,  but  can 
be  produced  equally  as  well  in  Hawaii  as  elsewhere,  is  borne  out  by 
a  comparison  of  the  imports  for  the  10-year  period  ending  1909, 
when  19,183  head,  valued  at  $154,948.  were  brought  in.  with  the  im- 
ports of  1910-1920,  when  only  597  head,  valued  at  $21,260,  were 
introduced  into  the  islands.  Only  86  head,  valued  at  $2,089,  were 
imported  between  1911  and  1913,  and  no  importations,  except  a 
small  number  of  breeding  animals,  were  made  from  1914  to  1919, 
due  to  the  TVorld  War.  The  following  table,  taken  from  the  Census 
Report  for  1920,  gives  statistics  of  interest  concerning  the  number 
and  value  of  swine  in  Hawaii  in  1910  and  also  in  1920 : 

Number  and  value  of  sicine  in  Hawaii  in  1910  and  in  1920. 


Year. 

Farms  reporting  animals. 

Animals  not  on 
farms.1 

Total 
number 

of 
animals. 

Total 

value 

of 

animals. 

Number     Propor-    -Number      Value 

of           tion  of           of               of 
farms,      farmers,    animals,    animals. 

Number. 

Value. 

1910 

1920 

Per  cent. 
1,396             32.3         20,489     8136,116 
1,567             29.7         24,248       397,463 

10,360 
14, 692 

$75,053 
293,840 

30,849 
38,940 

$211, 169 
691,303 

1  Laborers  and  others  not  operating  farms  independently  often  keeD  animals  in  the  cities,  towns,  and  on 
plantations.  Fully  half  the  swine  not  reported  on  farms  are  maintained  as  a  side  line  by  householders,  or 
by  oriental  small  farmers  living  outside  the  city  limits. 

1 


2  BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

The  period  of  1900-1909  was  characterized  by  low  prices  obtaining 
on  the  mainland  and  by  low  transportation  charges,  conditions  which 
served  to  induce  the  local  importer  to  introduce  swine  and  also  to 
make  competition  impossible  for  the  local  producer.  During  this 
period  a  few  venturesome  ranchers  improved  their  herds  by  the  in- 
troduction of  good  breeding  stock  and  new  feeds,  and  there  gradually 
grew  up  a  fair-sized  local  swine  industry.  (Fig.  1.)  The  striking 
change  which  resulted  in  the  rapid  development  and  stabilization 
of  the  industry,  however,  was  doubtless  brought  about  (1)  by  the 
stimulus  given  local  production  when  importers,  sustaining  heavy 
losses  from  hog  cholera  on  board  ship,  became  discouraged  and 
ceased  to  introduce  swine;  and  (2)  by  the  advance  in  the  mainland 
prices  and  transportation  charges  to  such  an  extent  that  local  swine 
raisers  found  it  profitable  to  compete  with  the  imported  product. 


Fig.  1. — Old  type  of  Hawaiian  pig  at  right ;  first  cross  with  good  sire  at  left. 

In  recent  years,  heavy  importations  have  been  made  of  the  choicest 
obtainable  registered  breeding  stock  of  swine  to  grade  up  the  island 
pigs.  (Fig.  2.)  The  standard  breeds  represented  include  Berk- 
shires,  Duroc-Jerseys,  Hampshires,  Tamworths,  Poland-Chinas,  and 
Chester  Whites,  the  first  four  of  which  predominate.  Comparatively 
few  Poland-Chinas  or  white  breeds  have  been  imported  within  recent 
years,  although  many  of  the  mixed  breeds  show  unmistakable  Poland- 
China  blood  lines,  and  occasional  hogs  are  found  showing  Chester 
White  characteristics,  especially  the  white  color. 

THE  HOG'S  CLAIM  FOR  FAVOR  IN  HAWAII. 

Swine  multiply  more  rapidly,  mature  more  quickly,  and  make 
greater  gains  on  a  given  quantity  of  feed  than  do  any  other  class  of 
farm  animals,  with  the  possible  exception  of  fowls.  They  consume 
not  only  all  the  by-products  from  the  field,  but  from  the  kitchen  as 
well.     Probably  no  other  class  of  animals  can  be  so  profitably  handled 


SWINE    RAISING   IN    HAWAII.  6 

on  a  small  scale  in  Hawaii,  or  is  so  especially  adapted  to  the  farmer 
having  small  capital. 

Although  local  ranchmen  and  large  farmers  can  not  raise  swine  on 
ranges  as  profitably  as  they  can  cattle,  they  are.  nevertheless,  endeav- 
oring to  develop  the  swine  industry  on  a  large  scale,  and  are  follow- 
ing, though  in  a  modified  way.  the  system  pursued  by  the  Corn  Belt 
farmers  of  the  Middle  West.  This  system  is  well  exemplified  on  the 
Parker  ranch,  where  corn  is  cheaply  and  extensively  grown  as  a 
hog  feed  and  it  is  more  profitable  to  transport  the  hogs  than  the  corn. 

Experiments  conducted  at.  the  Haiku  substation  on  Maui  showed 
that  a  variety  of  crops,  including  cassava,  sweet  potatoes,  peanuts, 
velvet  beans,  cowpeas.  and  soy  beans  may  be  profitably  hogged  off, 
and  that  in  the  manufacture  of  starch  from  cassava  the  residue, 
either  raw  or  cooked,  can  be  made  to  form  a  large  proportion  of 
nutritious  feed  for  swine.     Cull  beans  and  seeds  of  various  kinds. 


• 

lfc 

Jk* 

[USi- 

Fig.  2. — A  good  type  of  herd  boar    (Berkshire,  Successor's  Longfellow  180r>',»4). 

sugar  cane  and  molasses,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  slaughterhouse 
refuse  when  well  cooked,  were  also  found  to  form  valuable  by- 
products which  can  be  utilized  to  better  advantage  with  swine  than 
with  any  other  class  of  animals.  When  fed  to  swine,  this  otherwise 
waste  product  is  converted  into  the  highest-priced  meat,  pork  bring- 
ing in  the  open  market  almost  double  the  price  of  beef  and  mutton 
and  closely  approximating  that  of  poultry. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  although  land  values  are  high  on 
Oahu  and  comparatively  little  feed  is  grown  there,  fully  half  the 
total  number  of  swine  produced  in  the  Territory  is  raised  in  and 
around  Honolulu.  Xot  only  does  Honolulu  consume  more  pork 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  Territory,  but  the  military  posts  and  hotels 
thereabout  daily  furnish  20  tons  of  nutritious  feed  in  the  form  of 
garbage,  which  is  sufficient  to  maintain  and  fatten  approximately 
4.000   swine   throughout   the   year.     S«ch   a   herd    is   equivalent    to 


4  BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

600,000  pounds  of  fresh  pork  that  can  be  marketed  wholesale  at  about 
$200,000.  It  is  understood,  of  course,  that  all  garbage  intended  for 
feeding  to  hogs  should  consist  only  of  refuse  animal  and  vegetable 
matter  which  has  been  left  over  from  the  table,  being  free  from  all 
such  injurious  foreign  articles  as  soap,  sawdust,  coffee  grounds, 
broken  glass,  and  oyster  shells,  and  kept  in  rust-resisting  metal  cans 
that  are  water-tight  and  fly  proof. 

ESTABLISHING  THE  SWINE  PLANT. 

THE   PERSON   IN   CHARGE. 

As  is  true  of  any  other  industry,  the  financial  success  of  swine 
raising  depends  upon  the  person  in  charge.  Unless  he  is  deeply 
interested  in  his  work,  knows  something  of  the  animal  and  how  to 
care  for  it,  he  is  likely  to  waste  a  great  deal  of  money  and  energy  in 
unproductive  experiments  and  ultimately  fail  in  the  venture. 

The  swine  raiser  who  either  has  land  which  he  is  ready  to  devote 
to  the  industry,  or  who  has  yet  to  select  a  location,  should  decide 
whether  he  will  carry  on  the  business  as  an  independent  and  highly 
specialized  project  on  a  large  or  small  scale,  or  whether  he  will 
make  it  secondary  to  other  lines  of  farming,  and  formulate  his  plans 
accordingly.  In  the  latter  case,  swine  raising  can  be  carried  on  ( 1 ) 
in  connection  with  a  dairy  farm  as  a  means  of  profitably  disposing 
of  skim  milk,  as  is  exemplified  on  a  small  scale  by  several  dairy  farms 
producing  butter  in  the  outlying  districts  of  the  Territory;  (2)  in 
connection  with  a  highly  diversified  farm,  such  as  the  writer's  at 
Haiku,  Maui,  in  which  the  otherwise  unsalable  residues  from  truck 
and  seed  crops,  starch  manufacture,  dairy,  and  other  sources  are  con- 
verted into  marketable  products  by  feeding  them  to  swine;  and  (3) 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Kemoo  farm,  where  swine  raising  constitutes  the 
main  and  a  highly  specialized  line  of  farming,  with  dairying  and 
poultry  raising  ranking  next  in  importance. 

LOCATION. 

The  location  is  of  paramount  importance  and  should  be  carefully 
selected.  A  business  like  that  conducted  at  the  Kemoo  farm,  where 
the  main  feed  is  garbage,  should  be  located  near  a  large  city,  even 
though  land  values  are  high.  An  enterprise  such  as  that  of  the 
writer  at  Haiku  might  be  profitably  established  on  any  of  the 
islands,  provided  transportation  facilities  to  the  other  islands  are 
reasonably  convenient.  Transportation  is  a  primary  factor  when 
the  enterprise  is  concerned  principally  with  the  production  of  high- 
class  breeding  stock  that  is  to  be  marketed  throughout  the  islands 
rather  than  at  some  single  point.  Distance  from  market  is  a  sec- 
ondary factor  when  animals  are  raised  on  an  extensive  scale  on 
cheaply  grown  field  crops  and  good  native  pastures. 

CLIMATE,   SOIL,   AND   CONFORMATION   OF   LAND. 

Climatic  conditions,  lay  of  the  land,  and  type  of  soil  are  also 
matters  of  much  importance.  Excessively  rainy  districts  having 
poor  drainage,  as  well  as  districts  which  are  either  exposed  to  high 
winds  that  prevail  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  or  have  such 


SWINE    RAISING   IN    HAWAII.  0 

a  high  altitude  that  the  cold  becomes  a  factor,  should  be  avoided. 
Swine  may  be  successfully  raised,  however,  when  one  extreme  con- 
dition is  modified  by  another  that  is  somewhat  favorable,  as  for 
instance  at  Glenwood,  on  Hawaii,  where  there  is  an  average  annual 
rainfall  of  194  inches,  but  fairly  good  drainage  and  calm  atmos- 
pheric conditions.  The  Haiku  district  on  Maui  is  both  wet  and 
windy,  but  with  tree  shelters  and  correct  housing  conditions  is 
entirely  satisfactory  for  the  profitable  raising  of  swine.  Swine  also 
thrive  at  an  altitude  of  from  3,000  to  5.000  feet,  where  the  nights 
are  cold  and  the  seasons  are  characterized  by  low  rainfall,  such  as 
in  the  Kula.  Maui,  and  Waikee  districts  of  Hawaii. 

The  swine  raiser  is  advised  not  to  select  locations  (1)  that  are  cold, 
low,  and  wet;  (2)  that  are  exposed  and  windy;  or  (3)  where  the 
seasons  are  alternately  wet  and  dry  and  the  clay  soils  are  sticky. 
Ideal  locations  are  those  where  the  temperature  and  rainfall  are  com- 
fortable for  man,  where  shelter  can  be  provided  against  strong 
winds,  and  where  the  soil  is  not  only  well  drained  but  fertile  for 
crops  as  well.  Stony  land,  such  as  that  where  the  fruit-bearing  cac- 
tus (Opuntia  sp.)  abounds,  is  not  desirable  except  for  pasture  pur- 
poses. Sandy  soil,  or  even  pure  sand,  such  as  skirts  the  salt-water 
beaches,  when  shaded  by  algaroba  or  other  trees,  is  apparently  ideal 
for  swine  raising.  So  long  as  they  are  given  intelligent  care,  swine 
will  thrive  under  widely  varying  conditions  of  altitude  and  of  soil  ; 
that  is,  from  sea  level  to  5,000  feet  elevation,  on  pure  sand  to  heavy 
loam,  stony  land,  and  on  Manienie  (Bermuda)  sod. 

HOUSES,  INCLOSURES,  AND  FENCES. 

The  convenience  and  economy  of  operation,  as  well  as  the  health 
and  comfort  of  the  hogs,  depends  to  a  large  extent  upon  the  general 
plan  of  the  inclosures  and  houses.  The  housing  problem  is  for- 
tunately a  simple  one  in  the  mild  climate  of  Hawaii. 

Hogs  can  be  raised  to  advantage  in  an  inexpensive  house  provided 
it  is  well  planned  and  placed,  well  lighted  and  ventilated,  and  can 
easily  be  kept  clean.  Small  pens  should  not  be  built  oh  rocky  ground 
because  they  are  hard  to  keep  clean  and  soon  become  insanitary. 
When  confined  in  such  pens  heavy  hogs  often  become  lame.  The 
construction  should  not  be  of  concrete  unless  the  method  of  stall 
feeding  with  garbage  is  practiced  on  rather  an  extensive  scale.  Con- 
crete structures  are  not  only  unnecessarily  expensive,  but  they  are 
cold  in  wet  weather,  and  the  floors,  unless  they  are  overlain  by  plank, 
are  hard  on  the  hogs'  feet  and  pasterns.  On  the  other  hand,  a  well- 
laid  concrete  floor  is  sanitary  and  can  easily  be  kept  clean.  (Figs.  3 
and  -i.)  Large  central  or  community  houses  of  all  kinds  should 
amply  provide  for  the  admittance  of  direct  sunlight  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  day,  and  an  abundance  of  fresh  air  at  all  times. 
Small  houses  or  individual  cots  are  best  made  on  the  open  front 
plan,  admitting  both  light  and  air. 

In  the  central  housing  system  the  pens  (farrowing  pens  and  the 
like)  for  individual  animals  are  usually  S  by  8  feet  to  12  by  12  feet 
square,  or  of  dimensions  giving  an  equivalent  area.  In  the  in- 
dividual house  or  colony  system,  especially  when  the  cots  are  of  the 
portable  type,  there  may  be  less  space.  (Figs.  5  and  6.)  A  good 
dimension  is  7  by  7  feet,  although  the  writer's  "  New  Era  "  type  of 


BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.   3. — Cement  pens  and   iron   fenced   runs.      University   of   Hawaii   farm. 

portable  cot  is  6  by  7  feet,  and  1  foot  of  the  longer  dimension  is 
occupied  by  a  self-feeder.  (Fig.  7.)  These  cots  have  served  their 
purpose  well  for  hogs  weighing  up  to  500  pounds.  Every  farrowing 
pen  should  be  provided  with  fenders,  set  along  the  sides  about  10 
inches  above  the  bed.  to  prevent  the  dams  from  lying  against  the 
partition  or  upon  their  young.  The  pigs  will  creep  under  the 
fender  when  the  mother  lies  down. 

Outdoor  pens  should  be  of  such  size  as  to  permit  of  the  hogs 
getting  plenty  of  exercise.  If  it  is  to  be  attached  to  a  large  central 
house,  the  outside  run  will  necessarily  have  to  be  of  the  same  width 
as  that  of  the  inside  pen  unless  the  interior  is  so  arranged  that  the 
animals  can  be  let  out  on  either  side.     If  the  alternating  pens  have 


Fig.  4. — Brood  sow  and  pigs  in  onp  of  the  pens  shown  in  Figure  3.     Pens  are  mostly 
sanitary  aiid  strong,  but  hard  on  the  animals'  feet. 


SWINE    RAISING    IN    HAWAII. 


Fig.  5. — Movable  individual  hog  house  or  cot. 

outlets  on  opposite  sides,  the  yards  may  occupy  the  width  of  two 
inside  pens.  Every  yard  should  be  provided  with  some  shade  trees, 
preferably  Pride  of  India  trees.  (Fig  8.)  Hogs  do  not  injure  such 
trees,  while  they  quickly  destroy  eucalyptus,  algaroba.  and  kukui, 
and  other  otherwise  desirable  trees.  The  placing  of  palm  leaves,  or 
even  of  old  burlap  bags,  over  a  light  frame  of  poles  furnishes  a  good 
temporary  shelter  from  the  rays  of  the  sun.     A  clump  of  widely 


WA 


Fig  6. 
38250—23- 


-Type  of  colony  hog  houses  extensively  used  on  Maui. 

9 


8  BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

spreading  trees  affords  the  greatest  comfort  to  hogs  that  are  confined 
in  large  inclosures  and  pastures  with  either  fixed  or  portable  houses. 

The  ground  occupied  by  the  swine  should  slope  away  from  the 
house  so  as  to  facilitate  drainage.  Hog  houses  should  never  be  built 
at  the  base  of  a  slope. 

Hog  fences  are  a  serious  problem  to  the  average  swine  raiser. 
Hogs  get  through  fences  with  greater  ease  perhaps  than  does  any 
other  class  of  animals.  A  fence  should  be  about  4  feet  high  and 
strongly  constructed  with,  preferably,  split  redwood  posts.  The 
posts  should  be  set  3  feet  deep  and  8  feet  apart  and  have  firmly 
spiked  to  them  1J  by  12  inches  by  16  feet  planks,  which  are  set 


CORRUGATED  //?OA/  POOF 


C/?OSS  &£CT/OA/ 
BC//LT-/N  ^£LF- F'E'flOE'/?. 


Fig. 


New  Era  Homestead  farm,  Haiku  substation.     Portable  colony  house  or  bog 
cot  with  built-in  self-feeder. 


6  inches  in  the  ground  along  the  fence  line.  A  plank,  \\  by  12  inches, 
should  also  be  set  above  the  baseboard,  and  the  joints  should  be 
broken  to  give  rigidity  to  the  fence.  The  heaviest  and  closest  woven 
wire  hog- fencing  obtainable,  32  to  36  inches  high,  should  be  stretched 
tightly  across  and  securely  stapled  to  the  plank  and  posts.  The  fence 
can  be  greatly  strengthened  if  the  lower  part  of  the  wire  fencing  is 
placed  between  the  plank  and  posts  rather  than  on  the  outside  of 
the  plank.  The  wire  fencing  should  be  lapped  at  least  3  inches  down 
the  back  of  the  plank  and  surmounted  with  a  strand  or  two  of 
barbed  wire.     (Fig.  9.) 

Boar  fences  should  be  higher  than  4  feet  and  very  strong.     A 
pedigreed  Tamworth  boar  weighing  600  pounds  has  been  known  to 


SWINE   RAISING  IN   HAWAII 


jump  a  5-foot  fence.  Swine  are  usually  more  contented  in  large  or 
temporary  inclosures  than  in  small  yards,  and  when  thus  confined 
need  not  be  fenced  so  thoroughly. 

At  the  Haiku  substation  a  heavy  woven  wire  hog  fence,  36  inches 
high  on  level  ground  without  base  or  top  boards  has  given  entire 
satisfaction  for  inclosing  temporary  hog  pastures.  Such  fencing 
must  be  very  tightly  stretched  at  the  anchor  posts,  which  are  firmly 
set  from  12  feet  to  a  rod  apart.  It  may  be  of  advantage  to  plow  a 
straight  furrow  along  the  proposed  fence  line  to  permit  of  setting 
the  wire  netting  several  inches  in  the  ground.  The  height  of  the 
fence  above  ground  is  lowered  when  this  is  done  and  the  fencing 
should  be  topped  with  a  strand  or  two  of  barbed  wire.  To  be  ef- 
fective, the  wire  should  be 
double  barbed  and  the 
barbs  should  be  close 
spaced. 

Hog  gates  can  not  be  too 
strongly  built.  Those  in 
use  at  the  Haiku  substa- 
tion have  withstood  heavy 
strain  for  five  years.  Made 
of  rough  Douglas  fir 
boards  of  1  by  6  inch  stuff, 
these  gates  are  of  two  sizes, 
4  and  8  feet  wide  by  4  feet 
high.  Five  pieces,  spaced 
4  inches  apart,  constitute 
the  horizontal  plane  giving 
a  height  of  48  inches,  al- 
lowing a  clearance  at  the 
bottom  of  2  inches.  The 
horizontal  pieces  are  fas- 
tened together  at  the  ends 
by  a  piece.  1  by  6  inches,  on 
either  side,  with  diagonal 
pieces  additional  to  give 
rigidity.  Each  lap  of  the 
frame  is  fastened  with  one 
or  two  three-eighths  inch  carriage  bolts  in  addition  to  nails,  and  heavy 
hook  hinges  are  used  in  preference  to  strap  hinges.  The  hook  of  the 
top  hinge  is  placed  in  an  inverted  position  so  as  to  make  it  impossible 
for  the  hogs  to  lift  the  gate  off  its  hinges.  The  best  and  cheapest  latch 
in  use  at  the  Haiku  substation  is  a  1  by  4  inch  strip,  3  feet  long, 
dressed  to  fit  snugly  in  the  space  lying  between  the  second  and  third 
from  the  top  horizontal  gate  boards.  A  round  peg,  1^  inches  in  diam- 
eter, is  placed  in  this  latch  at  the  center  for  convenience  in  opening 
the  gate,  and  a  hole,  1  by  4  inches,  passes  through  the  fence  post  to 
receive  the  latch  when  the  gate  is  closed. 

OTHER   EQUIPMENT. 

Xearl}'  all  modern  swine  plants  are  equipped  with  dipping  vats, 
rubbing  posts,  hog  wallows,  self-feeders  and  pig  creeps,  feeding 
racks,  breeding  and  loading  crates,  and  the  like. 


Fig 


-Pride  of  India  tree.     A  satisfactory  shade 
tree  for  hog  paddocks.     Not  injured  by  hogs. 


10       BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

The  dipping  vat. — The  dipping  vat  is  not  recommended  for  use 
unless  large  numbers  of  hogs  are  to  be  maintained  and  are  especially 
subject  to  vermin. 


Fig.  9. — Hog  fence  of  woven  wire  with  strand  of  barbed  wire  at  top.     Portable  hog 

cot  in  background. 


Pig.  10. — Tamped  earth  wallow  in  pasture. 


Rubbing  posts. — An  effective  and  cheap  method  of  controlling  hog 
vermin  is  that  of  placing  burlap  or  other  heavy  cloth  sacking,  satu- 


SWIXE    RAISING   IX    HAWAII. 


11 


rated  with  crude  oil,  on  posts  at  a  height  which  will  permit  of  the> 
animals   rubbing   against   them.     The   sacks   should   be    frequently 
saturated  with  the  oil. 
Hog  wallows. — A  good  hog  wallow  should  be  accessible  to  the  swine. 


Fig.  11. — Concrete  wallow.      Crude  oil  on  water  surface  to  destroy  vermin. 

It  not  only  affords  a  cool,  refreshing  bath  in  hot  weather  but  it  also 
is- very  effective  in  freeing  the  animals  from  flies  and  scurf.  Wallows 
of  concrete  construction  are  more  sanitary  than  mud  wallows.  The 
addition  of  sufficient  crude  oil  to  form  a  thin  film  over  the  surface 
of  the  water  tends  to  keep 
the  animals  free  from 
skin  parasites.  (Figs.  10 
and  11.) 

Self-feeders  and  pig 
creeps. — No  hog  farm  is 
complete  without  the  self- 
feeder.  (Figs.  12  and 
13.)  This  device  enables 
the  hogs  to  satisfy  their 
craving  for  feed  at  any 
time,  and  is  perhaps  the 
most  economical  method  of 
fattening  the  animals,  be- 
cause, while  a  slightly 
increased  amount  of  grain  may  be  consumed,  it  requires  the  least 
labor.  The  self-feeder  should  be  made  of  well  tongued  and  grooved 
boards  having  a  planed  surface.  The  smoother  and  straighter  the 
sides  the  more  readily  will  the  feed  flow.  The  feeder  should  be  pro- 
vided with  a  good  rain-proof  cover  to  prevent  the  feed  from  getting 
wet  and  spoiling  when  in  use  out  of  doors,  and  the  size  of  the  open- 


Fig.  12. — Large  self-feeder  for  whole  algaroba  beans. 


12        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig. 


-Small,    three   compartment   self-feeder. 


ing  should  be  regulated  and  the  feeder  set  on  a  large  platform  to 
prevent  waste  of  feed. 

The  V-shaped  trough,  which  is  an  effective  and  cheap  method 
of  feeding  garbage,  should  be  made  of  boards  of  good  quality,  1|  or 
2  inches  thick.  (Fig.  14.)  In  permanent  central  hog  houses' having 
concrete  flooring  and  concrete  or  wooden  feeding  troughs,  provision 
should  be  made  for  drainage.     (Fig.  15.)     The  bottoms  and  corners 

of  concrete  troughs  should 
be  rounded  and  the  dimen- 
sions should  be  1  foot 
wide  and  8  inches  deep. 
Such  troughs  may  be 
used  for  water  as  well  as 
for  feed. 

A  pig  creep  can  be 
formed  by  placing  a  small 
self-feeder  in  the  corner 
of  the  yard  and  partly 
boarding  off  that  corner 
to  keep  out  the  sow. 
Sufficient  space  should  be 
left  under  the  boards  to 
enable  the  young  pigs  to  creep  in  and  feed  without  disturbance,  or 
small  openings  ma}'  be  left  at  each  end  for  this  purpose. 

Feeding  racks. — Racks  for  the  feeding  of  all  kinds  of  green  forage 
lire  valuable  means  of  reducing  waste.  The  sides  should  be  made 
either  of  1  by  4  inch  wood  slats,  spaced  1  feet  apart,  or  of  heavy 
woven  wire  hog  fencing  having  approximately  4  by  6  inch  meshes. 
Watering  devices. — Special  attention  should  be  given  to  watering 
devices  for  swine.  Where  it  is  not  practical  to  utilize  the  feed 
troughs  for  the  double 
purpose  of  watering  and 
feeding,  a  patented  so- 
called  hog  drinking  foun- 
tain can  be  used.  This 
device  consists  of  a  cast- 
iron  bowl  having  three 
connected  compartments 
from  which  three  animals 
can  drink  at  the  same 
time.  The  drinking  bowl 
has  a  protected  center 
containing  a  float  valve 
that  automatically  keeps 
it  filled  with  water. 
Since  the  water  is  drawn 

under  pressure  from  a  pipe  line  the  bowl  may  be  placed  anywhere 
that  water  can  be  piped.  It  occupies  less  than  4  feet  square  of 
floor  space,  will  accommodate  from  50  to  100  full-grown  hogs, 
and  is  accessible  to  the  smallest  pig.  This  device  is  very  economical 
of  water.  The  drinking  fountain  should  be  bolted  to  a  concrete 
or  plank  platform  to  prevent  its  being  displaced  by  rooting  hogs. 
Such  a  drinking  fountain  can  be  had  for  about  820  and  will  likely 
be  verv  durable. 


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Fig.  14.- 


-V-shaped  concrete  feeding  troughs, 
tary   and   durable. 


Sani- 


SWINE    KAISIXG   IX    HAWAII. 


13 


In  individual  pens  where  room  is  limited,  cast-iron  water  bowls, 
such  as  are  used  for  cattle,  have  proved  very  satisfactory.  These 
bowls  are  connected  with  a  pressure  water  system,  the  water  being 
admitted  through  a  valve  having  a  winged  lever  that  is  paddle 
shaped.  When  the  hog  presses  upon  the  lever  the  water  runs  into 
the  bowl,  and  when  the  pressure  is  removed  the  water  is  automatically 
shut  off  by  means  of  a  spring. 

Breeding  and  loading  crates. — A  breeding  crate  is  a  necessary 
adjunct  to  every  breeding  establishment.  By  means  of  it  the  heaviest 
boar  can  be  utilized  expeditiously  without  injuring  the  smallest  sow. 
Some  sows,  although  in  heat,  will  not  take  the  boar  readily,  and  the 


Fig.  15. 


-Molokai  ranch  piggery.     Concrete  floor  and  wooden  troughs.     Steam  boiler 
and  vat  for  cooking  feed  in  background. 


use  of  a  crate  in  such  instances  insures  a  successful  service.  Many 
breeders  use  a  crate  for  all  of  their  sows. 

Any  carpenter  can  make  a  breeding  crate.  The  materials  needed 
include  a  stout  frame,  which  is  made  of  "2  by  4  inch  scantlings,  closed 
in  front  and  open  in  back,  a  bar  to  slip  behind  the  sow  just  above 
the  hocks,  and  a  2  by  1  inch  strip  which  is  attached  to  both  sides 
of  the  forward  end  of  the  crate  at  about  the  height  of  the  sow's 
head,  and  extends  to  the  rear  of  the  crate  where  it  is  fastened  to 
the  bottom.    The  boar's  forefeet  rest  on  these  strips.1 

Breeders  who  ship  choice  hogs  long  distances  should  standardize 
their  shipping  crates  to  insure  comfort  for  the  animals  and  at  the 
same  time  to  serve  as  advertisements  for  themselves.  The  crate 
should  be  strongly  and  neatly  constructed  and  neither  excessively 
large  nor  small.  (Fig.  16.)  The  floor  of  those  intended  for  ship- 
ment should  be  made  of  solid  1-inch  boards.  The  sides,  ends,  and 
top  of  new  1  by  1  inch  lumber  should  be  spaced  according  to  the  size 
of  the  hogs  to  be  shipped. 

1  For  details,  see  C.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bulletin  966,  A  Simp!       I    g  ding  Crat«. 


14       BULLETIN  48.  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

A  chute  is  of  great  convenience  in  loading  hogs  into  trucks.  It 
should  be  as  wide  as  the  wagon  or  truck  bed,  10  feet  or  more  long, 
and  have  sides  3  feet  high.  If  it  is  mounted  on  a  pair  of  wheels 
it  can  be  moved  and  tilted  with  ease. 

THE  FOUNDATION  STOCK. 

Having  determined  what  system  of  management  he  is  to  follow 
and  where  he  is  to  be  located,  the  swine  raiser  should  next  turn  his 
attention  to  the  establishment  of  the  herd  itself,  taking  great  care  to 
select,  or  have  selected  by  a  reliable  breeder,2  animals  of  good  type, 
conformation,  and  constitution.  (Fig.  17.)  Too  much  stress  can 
not  be  placed  upon  the  judicious  selection  of  a  pure-bred  herd  which 
is  to  be  used  for  the  production  of  breeding  stock  for  sale  as  such. 


Fig.   16. — Type  of  crate  used  in  shipping  hogs. 


A  few  choice  animals,  rather  than  a  number  of  inferior  ones,  should 
be  purchased  at  the  start.  It  is  advisable  never  to  buy  the  highest 
priced  swine  until  one  has  had  considerable  experience  in  breeding. 
In  some  instances  it  is  wise  to  purchase  bred  sows  and  a  young  boar 
whose  services  will  become  available  at  the  next  breeding  period.  If 
the  sows  are  in  pig,  both  sow  and  litter  can  be  studied  by  the  pur- 
chaser and  later  bred  to  a  suitable  sire  which  is  chosen  to  head  the 
herd. 

In  general,  it  is  recommended  that  the  beginner  purchase  young 
stock.  The  investment  is  low,  and  the  animals  usually  adapt  them- 
selves better  to  new  conditions  than  do  older  stock.  A  boar  pig  of 
the  best  breeding  possible  and  two  or  four  sow  pigs  from  4  to  6 
months  old  will  be  sufficient  as  a  start,  or  if  grade  sows  are  already  on 
hand,  or  the  start  is  to  be  made  with  mature  animals,  the  purchase 

2  Pure-bred  stock  should  be  pure-based  from  reliable  breeders  only,  preferably  from  those 
specializing  on  a  single  breed. 


SWINE    RAISING   IN    HAWAII. 


li 


should  be  confined  to  one  good,  vigorous  boar  of  any  breed  that  best 
suits  the  breeder. 

The  standard  breeds  c  may  be  roughly  classed  as  the  heavy  or  lard 
types,  under  which  are  usually  placed  the  Poland-China.  Dnroc 
Jersey,  Berkshire,  Chester  White,  Hampshire.  Mule  Foots.  Essex. 
Victoria,  and  Cheshire:  and  the  bacon  type,  as  characterized  by  the 
Tamworth  and  by  the  large  Yorkshire  and  Suffolk.  Apparently  no 
one  breed  is  better  than  another  for  the  show  ring  or  for  the  market. 

The  matter  of  breed  is  of  less  importance  than  is  that  of  strain, 
except  when  it  is  desired  to  sell  pure-bred  stock  of  a  definite  breed. 
Some  consideration  should  be  given  to  the  market  demands,  but 
inasmuch  a-  these  are  not  as  yet  exacting  in  Hawaii  the  beginner  is 
privileged  to  select  the  breed  that  he  fancies  most.  Each  of  the 
standard  breeds  as  developed  by  the  leading  breeders  has  its  special 


Fig.  IT. — Some  types  of  Berkshire  hogs  owned  in  Hawaii. 

merits,  but  the  man  who  breeds  for  the  market  usually  pays  more 
attention  to  type  than  he  does  to  breed. 

Stock  as  uniform  as  possible  should  be  selected  when  a  number  of 
sows  are  purchased  for  the  foundation  herd.  Such  animals  can 
come  only  from  a  uniform  herd,  uniformity  being  the  best  criterion 
of  the  worth  of  the  stock.  They  will  not  only  feed  and  develop 
better  than  swine  lacking  in  uniformity  but  also  command  better 
prices,  whether  they  are  sold  as  pure  stock  or  on  the  market. 

Good  sows  are  all  important  in  obtaining  satisfactory  results. 
They  may  be  promiscuously  selected  from  pure  breds  and  grades. 
but  all  should  conform  to  a  certain  type,  be  similar  in  color,  marking. 

No  description  of  the  breeds  is  attempted  in  this  bulletin  because  every  standard  work 
en  vwine  describes  them  in  more  or  le-s  detail. 

38250—23 :\ 


16       BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

and  conformation,  and  producers  of  good  litters  which  they  are 
capable  of  properly  mothering.  The  brood  sow  should  show  femi- 
ninity, as  is  characterized  by  quality  and  refinement  in  all  parts  of 
the  body.  The  body  should  be  rather  long,  the  ribs  well  sprung, 
and  the  sides  long  and  deep.  The  shoulders  should  be  smoothly 
covered  and  the  hams  well  rounded  and  plump.  The  legs  should 
be  well  placed  and  the  pasterns  strong  and  straight.  Roomy  sows 
are  regarded  by  many  judges  of  swine  as  being  especially  high  in 
fecundity. 

No  effort  should  be  spared  to  select  the  best  boar  that  can  be 
afforded.  To  be  of  the  greatest  usefulness,  he  must  be  prepotent 
in  transmitting  his  best  qualities.  He  represents  half  of  the  breed- 
ing stock  and  is  rated  the  most  important  animal  in  the  herd  because 
he  exerts  a  strong  influence  upon  every  pig  that  he  sires.  A  supe- 
rior boar  will  improve  the  progeny  of  inferior  sows,  but  an  inferior 
boar  will  depreciate  the  offspring  of  sows  of  high  quality.  The  boar 
should  not  only  have  every  appearance  of  quality  but  also  be  of  as 
high  breeding  as  possible.  The  show  ring  tells  only  half  the  story : 
the  record  of  performance  in  the  herd  tells  the  other  half,  which  is 
the  more  important  factor  of  the  two. 

The  essential  qualities  in  the  boar  are  that  he  be  strongly  masculine 
and,  if  mature,  have  well-developed  shoulders  and  hindquarters,  a 
slightly  arched  and  deeply  fleshed  back,  and  sides  of  good  length  and 
depth.  He  should  stand  up  well  on  his  hoofs  and  show  no  weakness 
in  the  pasterns.    The  testicles  should  be  prominent  and  uniform. 

The  successful  hog  raiser,  whether  he  is  a  breeder  of  market  hogs 
or  of  pure-bred  stock  for  sale  as  such,  is  always  a  close  observer,  and 
soon  learns  the  strong  and  weak  points  of  his  herd  boars  and  sows 
and  what  their  prepotency  is  in  transmitting  these  qualities.  Brood 
sows  that  are  shy  breeders,  poor  in  nursing  their  young,  difficult 
to  manage,  or  inclined  to  be  savage,  and  boars  that  are  unable  to 
transmit  their  good  qualities  should  be  discarded  before  their  in- 
fluence has  made  much  headway. 

The  beginner  in  swine  raising,  especially  of  pure-bred  stock,  may 
as  well  learn  at  the  start  that  he  will  have  to  do  some  culling  if  he 
would  attain  high  standing.  No  breeder  ever  made  a  greater  mis- 
take than  that  of  expecting  a  large  percentage  of  the  progenies  of. 
say,  a  trio  of  prize  winners  to  become  prize  winners  in  turn.  This 
does  happen  sometimes,  but  only  under  the  care  of  the  master 
breeder. 

Prospective  buyers  are  advised  to  attend  the  swine  exhibits  at  agri- 
cultural fairs  and  to  follow  these  observations  with  visits  to  the  show 
herd  in  their  homes.  Grade  sows  for  the  production  of  market  pigs 
usually  can  be  bought  at  costs  slightly  above  butcher  market  prices. 
When  large  numbers  of  sows  are  to  be  purchased,  the  buyer,  if  he  is  a 
judge  of  hogs,  should  watch  shipments  at  points  of  embarkation  or 
destination,  and  also  search  for  desirable  animals  among  the  herds 
of  the  numerous  small  swine  raisers  who  are  scattered  throughout 
the  Territory.  It  often  happens  that  some  of  the  best  looking  sows, 
when  purchased  on  the  market,  are  nonbreeders.  This  is  more  or 
less  likely  to  be  the  case  unless  the  animals  are  guaranteed  to  be 
breeders/  No  pure-bred  swine,  either  male  or  female,  should  be 
bought  without  such  a  guaranty. 


SWINE   RAISING  IN   HAWAII.  17 

GENERAL  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  HERD. 

It  is  of  course  assumed  that  an  ample  supply  of  green  crops  and 
grain  or  by-products  is  on  hand  before  the  swine  arrive.  Beginners 
frequently  make  the  mistake  of  poorly  balancing  their  stock  and 
feed  and  consequently  of  having  to  purchase  additional  feed,  often 
at  high  cost,  after  the  stock  arrives. 

Regardless  of  how  good  it  is,  the  herd  is  made  or  marred  by  man- 
agement. The  breeder  may  be  an  excellent  judge  of  swine  and  able 
to  mate  them  for  the  best  results  in  breeding,  but  if  his  system  of 
every-day  care,  which  is  known  as  management,  is  irrational,  the 
animals  will  not  thrive  and  the  most  rigorous  selection  will  be  ren- 
dered ineffective.  Much  feed  and  effort  are  wasted,  even  when  the 
herd  is  carefully  fed  and  managed,  when  the  individuals  are  either 
poorly  selected  or  poorly  mated.  A  thorough  knowledge  of  the  work 
to  be  done,  together  with  hard  work  and  untiring  efforts,  is  the  price 
of  successful  swine  raising.  It  is  wise  to  build  up  pure-bred  stock 
slowly,  especially  in  the  beginning. 

Xeither  boar  nor  sows  should  be  bred  under  9  months  of  age,  and 
then  only  moderately.  A  year-old  boar  will  take  care  of  10  sows 
nicely,  and  when  fully  mature  can  be  placed  at  the  head  of  20  or 
30  sows.  Two  herd  boars  should  be  maintained,  if  possible,  and  their 
breeding  propensities  tested  on  each  sow  in  turn. 

Before  breeding  is  begun  the  herd  should  be  carefully  distributed 
and  comfortably  settled.  The  boar  should  be  placed  in  a  pen  by 
himself,  and  the  dry  sows  of  equal  age  or  size,  if  of  good  disposition 
and  from  the  same  herd,  grouped  in  pasture.  New  animals  should 
be  quarantined  for  at  least  30  days  and  freed  from  vermin  before 
they  are  placed  with  the  established  herd. 

Brood  sows  should  be  turned  into  a  separate  pasture,  kept  quiet, 
and  well  cared  for.  A  week  or  two  before  farrowing  time,  which 
occurs  about  112  days  after  breeding,  each  sow  should  be  placed 
by  herself  in  a  yard  where  there  is  a  crop  and  a  small  pen  so  that 
she  will  become  accustomed  to  the  new  surroundings  before  farrow- 
ing. The  sow  should  be  made  as  comfortable  as  possible  as  farrow- 
ing time  approaches.  She  should  be  kept  in  good  condition,  but  not 
allowed  to  get  too  fat. 

Feeds  that  are  laxative,  but  not  too  rich,  should  be  given  toward 
the  close  of  gestation.  The  bedding  should  consist  of  clean,  dry 
beach  sand  or  short  litter.  Long  straw  or  weeds  are  likely  to  cause 
entanglement  of  the  young.  Sows  should  not  be  allowed  to  farrow 
on  a  bare  cement  floor,  because  both  mother  and  young  will  take 
cold. 

Some  one  should  be  in  attendance  at  farrowing  time  to  lend  assist- 
ance if  needed.  The  young  should  be  removed  to  a  clean,  dry, 
warm  box,  and  returned  to  the  mother  every  two  or  three  hours. 
When  the  pigs  are  from  .12  to  18  hours  old  they  can  generally  be 
left  with  the  sow  with  perfect  safety.  Mortality  can  be  greatly 
reduced  among  the  pigs  if  they  are  tenderly  cared  for  during  the 
first  week  of  life. 

For  the  first  24  hours  after  farrowing  the  sow  should  receive  no 
feed  whatever,  but  she  should  be  given  a  liberal  supply  of  lukewarm 


18       BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

water  at  frequent  intervals.  After  the  first  24  hours  she  can  be  fed 
a  light  slop  of  middlings,  the  amount  being  gradually  increased  and 
the  pigs  closely  watched  that  no  white  scours  appear.  When  the 
pigs  are  10  days  to  2  weeks  old  the  sow  should  be  on  full  feed,  and 
after  that  time  until  weaning  she  should  receive  all  the  feed  she  will 
consume.  Once  the  sow  loses  in  flesh  she  can  not  do  justice  to  her 
litter  and  it  will  be  difficult  to  bring  her  back  to  breeding  condition. 

Pigs  should  not  be  weaned  until  they  are  10  weeks  of  age  unless 
some  special  occasion  requires  earlier  weaning.  A  properly  fed  sow 
is  in  a  good  flow  of  milk  when  the  pigs  are  8  weeks  of  age  and  her 
milk  is  by  far  the  best  feed  possible  for  them.  When  the  pigs  are 
2  or  3  weeks  old  they  develop  an  appetite  for  some  feed  to  supple- 
ment the  sow's  milk  and  should  then  be  given  skim  milk  or  butter- 
milk mixed  with  a  little  wheat  middlings  and  other  meal  to  relieve 
the  mother.  When  they  are  about  6  weeks  old  they  should  be  pro- 
vided with  a  "  pig  creep,"  where  they  may  receive  a  special  feed 
mixture  including  tender  alfalfa,  and  the  like. 

The  feed  of  the  sow  should  be  reduced  2  or  3  days  before  wean- 
ing time,  and  the  mother  taken  from  the  pigs,  which  should  then  be 
given  access  to  the  self-feeder  in  the  creep.  At  the  Haiku  substa- 
tion, after  the  young  are  weaned  the  sows  are  turned  into  a  good 
pasture  of  succulent  green  feed,  preferably  a  leguminous  crop  such 
as  alfalfa,  cowjDeas,  or  velvet  beans. 

The  weaned  pigs  may  be  left  together  until  they  are  10  or  12  weeks 
old.  They  should  then  be  sorted  according  to  size  and  turned  into 
pastures  or  pens  not  exceeding  20  or  30  head.  Male  pigs,  which  are 
not  wanted  as  breeders  or  intended  for  early  market,  should  be  cas- 
trated a  sufficient  time  before  weaning  to  permit  of  their  being 
thoroughly  healed  at  that  time :  otherwise,  they  should  be  separated 
from  the  females  before  reaching  the  age  of  4  months. 

The  younger  the  pigs  are  the  more  economical  will  be  their  gains. 
Up  to  weaning  age  &|  pounds  or  less  feed  will  produce  a  pound  of 
gain.  From  weaning  time  (10  weeks  of  age)  to  4  months,  4  pounds 
of  feed  will  make  1  pound  of  gain.  The  animal  should  weigh  about 
100  pounds  at  the  end  of  the  4-month  period.  Gains  at  the  rate  of  2 
pounds  per  day  are  not  uncommon  when  all  conditions  are  favorable. 
At  6  months  of  age  a  pig  should  weigh  from  150  to  200  pounds. 
Gains  over  150  pounds  are  attained  at  a  cost  of  4^  and  5  pounds 
of  grain  per  pound  of  gain.  A  well-bred  and  well-cared-for  pig 
pasturing  on  good  leguminous  crops  should  gain  an  average  of  1-J 
or  2  pounds  daily  on  less  than  5  pounds  of  grain  feed  per  pound 
of  gain.  In  the  two  Maui  County  Boys  and  Girls'  Pig  Club  con- 
tests high-grade  Berkshire  pigs  having  an  average  weight  of  40 
pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the  contests  gained  over  200  pounds  in 
100  days. 

Pigs  intended  for  market  stock  should  be  brought  up  to  150 
pounds  weight  on  pasture  supplemented  with  a  fairly  liberal  ration. 
They  should  then  be  fed  from  25  to  30  days  on  grain  and  carbohy- 
drate material,  among  the  best  of  which  is  corn,  supplemented  witli 
a  little  tankage  or  blood  meal.  Fed  thus,  they  should  gain  2  pounds 
a  day  and  command  the  highest  market  prices.  Pigs  gaining  1  pound 
or  less  a  day  under  good  feed  and  care  are  not  profitable  in  Hawaii 


SWiNE    RAISING   IX    HAWAII. 


19 


under  the  present  price  of  feeds.  The  swine  raiser  should  weigh 
all  his  pigs  at  definite  intervals  and  also  keep  close  check  on  the 
kinds  and  amounts  of  feed  being  used.  This  is  the  only  way  that  he 
can  know  with  any  degree  of  certainty  how  things  are  going. 

The  following  weights  are  considered  very  satisfactory  at  the  ages 
specified : 

Satisfactory  weights  of  pigs  of  varying  age.1 


Age. 

Weight. 

Ago. 

Weight. 

Days. 
50 

Pounds. 

30  to    50 

75  to  100 

150  to  200 

Days. 
270 

Pounds. 
275  to  300 
325  to  400 

100 

365..    . 

ISO 

1  Average  weights  under  best  conditions.    The  heaviest  weights  at  the  Haiku  substation  for  two  6-months 
old  barrows  was  422  pounds. 

PIG-EATIXG   SOWS. 

When  a  soav  develops  an  abnormal  appetite  and  begins  to  eat  her 
young,  she  is  usually  in  a  fevered  condition,  probably  due  to  im- 
proper feeding  during  the  period  of  gestation,  and  needs  an  oil-meal 
ration  to  regulate  the  bowels.  The  pig-eating  tendency  can  be 
warded  off  by  giving  the  sow  a  ration  containing  generous  amounts 
of  meat  scraps  and  tankage  during  gestation.  After  she  has  far- 
rowed the  sow  should  be  placed  in  a  pen  by  herself,  and  the  young- 
should  be  brought  to  her  at  regular  intervals  for  nursing  and  per- 
sonally guarded  until  they  are  returned  to  their  own  pen.  Should 
these  precautions  fail  to  make  the  sow  properly  mother  her  succeed- 
ing litter,  she  should  be  disposed  of  to  the  butcher. 

SOME  PRINCIPLES   OF   SWINE  FEEDING   IN   HAWAII.^ 

Feeding  is  the  most  expensive  part  of  swine  raising,  and  it  is  not 
unusual  for  the  cost  of  feeds  to  equal  or  even  exceed  the  value  of 
production  of  the  animals.  As  an  example,  it  requires,  on  the  aver- 
age, at  least  5  pounds  of  grain  or  milled  feed  to  produce  1  pound  of 
gain,  live  weight,  in  hogs  that  are  not  provided  with  pasturage  or 
green  feed,  or  which  are  given  a  poorly  balanced  ration.  When  it 
is  selling  at  $50  a  ton  (2  J-  cents  a  pound) ,  which  is  the  lowest  average 
price  paid  for  grain  in  Hawaii,  feed  needed  to  produce  1  pound  of 
pork,  live  weight,  will  cost  12J  cents,  which  is  the  minimum.  When, 
however,  the  maximum  cost  of  feed,  $100  a  ton  or  5  cents  a  pound, 
is  taken  as  a  basis,  1  pound  of  pork,  live  weight,  will  cost  25  cents. 
During  the  past  five  years  the  range  of  prices  of  live  hogs  on  the 
Honolulu  market  has  very  closely  approximated  the  figures  repre- 
senting the  feed  cost  of  production,  with  the  result  that  the  animals 
could  seldom  be  supplied  with  commercial  feeds  at  a  profit  at  any 
period,  as  is  frequently  the  case  on  the  mainland. 

From  the  foregoing  it  may  readily  be  surmised  that  it  is  hazardous 
to  undertake  to  raise  market  hogs  entirely  or  nearly  so  on  purchased 
grain  and  milled  feeds.  Investigations  made  at  a  number  of  the 
most  profitable  swine-raising  enterprises  in  Hawaii  showed  that 
the  quantity  of  feed  purchased  by  them  is  relatively  small,  amount  - 

*See  also  Hawaii  Sta.  Press  Bui.  53  (191S). 


20        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

ing  to  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the  total  consumed.  It  other  words, 
fully  90  per  cent  of  the  feed  consumed  at  the  more  profitable  en- 
terprises is  home  grown.  The  striking  exception  to  feeding  home- 
grown products  at  a  profit  is  in  the  case  of  the  extensive  garbage- 
feeding  enterprises  being  conducted  on  Oahu,  where  practically  all 
of  the  feed  is  purchased  outright  at  a  comparatively  low  figure. 

Unless  the  swine  raiser  is  favorably  situated  where  garbage  or 
other  by-products  suitable  for  feeding  can  readily  be  obtained  at 
a  cost  lower  than  is  asked  for  the  grain  equivalents,  farm  crops  for 
feeding  to  market  hogs  should  be  produced  at  a  cost  that  is  com- 
mensurate with  the  returns.  When  highly  bred  stock  is  raised  for 
selling  for  breeding  purposes  the  situation  is  somewhat  changed, 
but  even  then  the  breeder  should  produce  forage  crops  as  extensively 
as  possible  for  feed. 

The  swine  raiser  should  endeavor  to  familiarize  himself  with  the 
underlying  principles  of  nutrition,  as  well  as  of  feeds  and  feeding, 
if  he  would  feed  hogs  economically  and  profitably  in  these  days  of 
intensive  production  and  keen  competition.  In  the  first  place  he 
should  know  that  the  digestive  organs  of  swine  with  their  contents 
compriss  only  about  7.5  per  cent  of  the  total  weight  of  the  body, 
while  those  of  cattle  are  more  than  14  per  cent.  In  the  second  place, 
he  should  know  that  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  normally  herbivo- 
rous, living  as  they  do  on  grass  and  herbage,  while  the  hog  is  omnivo- 
rous and  feeds  not  only  on  tender  herbage,  roots,  and  seeds  but  also 
on  animal  matter.  The  hog  also,  in  its  effort  to  extract  feed  from 
beneath  the  soil,  swallows  considerable  earthy  matter.  Having  a 
stomach  of  rather  limited  capacity  and  a  peculiar  digestive  tract, 
swine  require  feed  that  is  more  concentrated  and  digestible  and  less 
fibrous  than  is  needed  for  any  other  class  of  farm  animals. 

The  changes  which  food  undergoes  within  the  digestive  tract  pre- 
pare it  for  absorption  into  the  circulatory  system,  where  it  is  used 
to  build  new  material,  repair  body  waste,  and  to  act  as  a  source  of 
energy.  The  true  or  digestible  nutrients  are  food  constituents  that 
aid  in  supporting  animal  life,  such  as  crude  protein,  the  carbo- 
hydrates, and  fat.  Air,  water,  and  mineral  matter  also  come  under 
this  heading. 

A  "  ration  "  may  be  termed  the  feed  allowance  per  day  per  ani- 
mal, whether  it  be  fed  at  one  or  several  meals.  A  "  balanced  ration  " 
is  the  feed  or  combination  of  feeds  containing  the  several  nutrients 
protein,  carbohydrate,  and  fats,  in  proportion  and  amount  that  will 
furnish  one  animal  with  the  optimum  amount  of  nutrition  in  24 
hours. 

The  relative  usefulness  of  different  feeds  depends  largely  upon  the 
digestibility  of  their  several  nutrients ;  that  is,  upon  the  percentage  of 
total  crude  protein,  fiber,  carbohydrate,  and  fat  that  is  digested  by 
the  animal.  After  the  feed  is  chemically  analyzed,  it  is  given  in 
weighed  quantities  to  the  animal,  and  for  a  reasonable  length  of  time 
after  feeding  the  urine  and  feces  of  the  animal  are  also  weighed 
and  analyzed.  The  difference  between  the  amount  of  each  nutrient 
fed  and  of  that  eliminated  represents  the  digested  portion.5 

5  Data  showing  the  determination,  of  the  digestible  nutrients  in  a  great  many  feeds  are 
to  be  found  in  all  standard  textbooks  on  feeds  and  feeding.  Feeding  standards  that  have 
been  worked  out  experimentally  to  show  the  amounts  of  digestible  nutrients  which  are 
supposed  to  be  best  adapted  to  different  animals  for  maximum  production  do  not  take 
into  account  the  element  of  cost.  They  should,  therefore,  be  used  as  a  guide  rather  than 
adhered  to  blindly. 


SWINE   RAISING  IN   HAWAII.  21 

One  of  the  first  essentials  of  a  ration  is  that  it  be  palatable,  so  as  to 
induce  heavy  consumption  and  stimulate  digestion.  Secondly,  it  is 
important,  especially  for  swine,  that  the  nutrients  be  sufficiently  con- 
centrated to  supply  adequate  nourishment  within  the  bulk  capacity 
of  the  animals  fed.  It  has  become  currently  accepted  in  some  quar- 
ters that  either  little  or  no  gain  can  be  made  by  hogs  when  they  are 
fed  forage  crops  alone.  In  experiments  carried  on  at  the  Haiku 
substation,  it  was  found  that  the  feeding  of  a  combination  of  forage 
crops  resulted  in  profitable  gains. 

Suitability  of  the  feeds  entering  into  the  ration  is  of  course  very 
important.  Cotton-seed  meal  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  what 
should  not  be  used.  It  makes  a  highly  concentrated  and  excellent 
feed  for  cattle,  sheep,  and  even  for  horses,  but  being  sometimes  toxic 
to  pigs  it  is  not  suited  for  swine  feeding.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
soy  bean  is  a  good  protein  feed  for  growing  hogs  but  should  be  used 
with  corn  or  other  carbohydrate  feeds. 

Feeds  that  have  been  damaged  by  mold  should  never  be  fed  to  any 
class  of  animals.  The  feeding  of  spoiled  tankage  or  dried  blood  is 
likely  to  result  in  ptomaine  poisoning,  while  condemned  salt  salmon 
and  brine-preserved  feeds  may  be  followed  by  the  death  of  the  ani- 
mal. Garbage  that  has  been  contaminated  with  dishwater  containing 
soap  powder  or  lye  has  been  responsible  for  the  loss  of  many  hogs. 

Animals  feeding  on  succulent  pasture  should  be  deprived  of  fur- 
ther laxative  feeds,  such  as  linseed  meal.  Since  a  number  of  the 
feeding  standards  do  not  take  into  consideration  the  animals'  need 
for  mineral  matter  and  the  ordinary  ration  is  deficient  in  it,  it  is 
suggested  that  lime,  phosphoric  acid,  and  iron,  together  with  some 
salt,  be  made  available  to  the  entire  swine  herd  in  addition  to  the 
amounts  that  are  naturally  supplied  in  the  feed.  The  vital  processes 
of  the  animal  seem  to  be  dependent  upon  an  adequate  amount  of 
these  mineral  salts.  _ 

A  variety  of  feeds  is  greatly  to  be  preferred  to  a  ration  that  is 
made  up  of  one  kind  only.  Mixed  feeds  are  usually  better  balanced 
and  more  palatable,  whether  as  forage,  roughage,  or  grain  concen- 
trates, than  is  a  single  kind.  Variety  gives  the  feeder  greater  oppor- 
tunity to  meet  the  needs  of  the  animal,  and  frequently  permits  of 
substitutions  at  a  considerable  saving  of  money.  A  change  in  ration 
is  also  easily  and  safely  effected  when  a  variety  of  feeds  is  available 
and  fed  judiciously. 

An  abundance  of  clean,  cool  water  should  always  be  accessible  to 
swine.  Water  is  as  essential  as  solid  food.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  ani- 
mals can  live  longer  without  the  latter  than  without  the  former. 
"When  water  is  lacking  the  processes  of  mastication,  digestion,  ab- 
sorption, and  assimilation  are  hindered.  Swine  ordinarily  consume 
5  pounds  or  more  of  water  to  every  1  pound  of  dry  matter.  Feeds 
that  are  rich  in  protein  create  a  greater  thirst  for  water  than  do 
starclry  foods. 

The  raising  of  breeding  stock  should  not  be  considered  unless  the 
breeder  is  prepared  to  raise  liberal  and  constant  supplies  of  green 
succulent  feed.  "While  they  are  not  absolutely  essential  to  the  suc- 
cessful feeding  of  swine,  succulent  green  feeds,  either  as  soilage  or 
as  pasturage,  are  greatly  relished  by  animals  of  all  ages  and  form 
the  cheapest  part  of  the  ration  when  they  are  produced  at  home. 
Green  feeds  not  only  have  a  beneficial  laxative  effect  and  keep  the 


22        BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


digestive  tract  in  good  condition,  bnt  they  also  have  a  nutritive  value 
and  doubtless  supply  in  great  part  the  vitamins  forming  a  part  of 
every  efficient  ration. 

The  feeding  value  of  the  nutritive  constituents  of  the  different 
kinds  of  feeds  may  vary  considerably.  Carefully  conducted  experi- 
ments have  shown  that  the  vegetable  proteins  are  greatly  inferior 
to  the  animal  proteins  as  a  hog  feed,  and  that  the  protein  in  cotton- 
seed meal  is  inferior  to  that  in  linseed  meal,  although  both  feeds  are 
very  rich  in  the  constituent. 

Whole  wheat  and  its  by-products,  bran  and  middlings,  are  valuable 
as  hog  feeds,  but  chemical  analyses  have  shown  them  to  differ  widely 
in  composition.  Roughages  are  even  more  variable  than  the  cereals, 
since  their  composition  is  influenced  by  climate,  state  of  maturity, 
quality  of  curing,  and  by  moisture  content.  Alfalfa,  both  in  the 
fresh  green  state  and  when  cured,  is  among  the  most  variable  in 
feeding  value,  its  composition  being  influenced  by  state  of  maturity 
and  by  the  methods  of  curing  employed.  Prime  alfalfa  meal  may 
almost  equal  wheat  bran  in  feeding  value,  but  alfalfa  that  has  lost 
most  of  its  leafage  as  a  result  of  being  overmature  or  overcured  may 
become  so  low  in  value  as  to  be  practically  worthless.  Cured  alfalfa. 
while  averaging  about  15  per  cent  protein,  may  contain  as  high  as 
30  per  cent  or  as  low  as  10  per  cent  crude  protein,  in  the  latter  case 
of  which  there  is  an  excessive  amount  of  crude  fiber ;  and  conversely, 
the  coefficient  of  digestibility  is  likely  to  be  higher  in  the  high  protein 
sample  than  in  the  low-grade  sample. 

Although  American  authorities  do  not  generally  recommend  as 
profitable  the  grinding  and  cooking  of  feeds,  the  Haiku  substation,  in 
experiments  conducted  for  more  than  five  years,  found  that  both 
grinding  and  cooking  certain  feeds  are  profitable  practices,  especially 
when  the  feeds  and  feed  products  are  both  of  high  value.  In  fact, 
much  of  the  feed  used  during  the  experiments  could  not  have  been 
fed  to  advantage  had  they  not  been  ground  and  cooked.  Cooking 
certainly  insures  the  feed  against  the  possibility  of  transmitting 
tuberculosis  and  hog  cholera  when  offal  is  used  and  against  detri- 
mental fermentation.  The  practical  swine  raiser  in  Hawaii  might 
do  well  to  try  out  various  feeding  methods  to  determine  which  are 
suited  to  his  needs  and  conditions. 

DISEASES  AND  AILMENTS. 

The  average  conditions  obtaining  in  Hawaii  foster  the  spread  of 
swine  diseases.  Every  precaution  should  therefore  be  taken  to  avoid 
crowding  the  animals  or  exposing  them  to  sources  of  contagion. 
Whenever  the  animals  are  returned  from  places  of  exhibit  or  new 
animals  are  received  they  should  be  segregated  from  the  main  herd 
for  several  weeks  or  until  it  is  certain  that  they  carry  no  disease. 
The  hog  yards  should  be  thoroughly  treated  with  some  good  disin- 
fectant every  three  or  six  months  and  the  entire  quarters  changed 
every  three  to  five  years  to  lessen  the  danger  of  infection.  Other  pre- 
cautionary measures  include  keeping  the  pens  and  runways  clean  at 
all  time  and  providing  the  pens  with  proper  drainage  and  ventilation 
as  well  as  with  clean  drinking  places. 

A  veterinarian  should  be  consulted  as  soon  as  disease  appears  in 
the  herd  so  that  measures  can  be  taken  to  save  the  animals  that  are 


SWINE   RAISING   JN    HAWAII.  23 

not  beyond  help.     The  matter  should  also  be  reported  to  the  Terri- 
torial Veterinarian,  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

ABORTION. 

• 

In  abortion  the  soav  loses  her  pigs  before  they  are  fully  developed. 
Abortion  not  infrequently  accompanies  other  diseases,  but  it  also 
occurs  when  the  sow  is  in  otherwise  perfect  health.  In  the  latter 
case  abortion  may  be  due  to  bacterial  infection.  After  the  first, 
abortion  is  noted  all  pregnant  sows  should  immediately  be  removed 
to  new  ground  where  hogs  and  cattle  have  not  recently  been  kept. 
They  should  be  divided  into  as  small  groups  as  possible.  If  it  is 
thought  that  the  abortion  germs  have  been  contracted  from  cows, 
the  milk  should  be  pasteurized  before  it  is  fed  to  the  swine.  Abortion 
has  never  officially  been  reported  as  occurring  among  the  swine  of 
Hawaii. 

BRONCHITIS. 

When  affected  with  bronchitis,  the  hog  presents  a  general'  un- 
thrifty appearance  and  has  a  persistent  cough.  Predisposing  causes 
to  bronchitis  are  dust,  worms,  germs,  poor  ventilation,  and  damp- 
ness. Insanitary  conditions  should  be  remedied  and  the  animal 
given  good  feed.  The  feeding  of  skim  milk  to  young  pigs  and  shotes 
will  strengthen  them  sufficiently  to  overcome  the  disease. 

HOG   CHOLERA. 

Hog  cholera  is  a  very  serious  disease  and  probably  causes  greater 
loss  in  the  swine  industry  throughout  the  States  than  does  any  other 
disease.  The  presence  in  Hawaii  of  true  hog  cholera  has  not  as  yet 
been  indisputably  established.  The  microorganism  carrying  the  in- 
fection is  so  small  that  it  can  not  be  seen  even  with  the  most  power- 
ful microscope.  The  disease  is  characterized  by  fever,  loss  of  appe- 
tite, cough,  weakness  of  the  hind  parts,  general  prostration,  and  a 
purplish  discoloration  of  the  skin.  In  some  instances  the  animal 
suffers  from  constipation  and  later  from  diarrhea. 

As  soon  as  there  are  symptoms  of  cholera  a  veterinarian  should  be 
called  to  administer  treatment.  Strict  quarantine  should  be  main- 
tained between  the  sick  and  healthy  hogs,  the  unaffected  animals 
being  transferred  to  clean,  new  quarters.  Antihog-cholera  serum  is 
effective  in  protecting  healthy  swine  from  cholera. 

LUMPY  JAW. 

Lumpy  jaw,  which  in  swine  most  commonly  affects  the  mammary 
glands,  is  probably  due  to  the  same  fungus  that  causes  lumpy  jaw 
in  cattle.  Large,  hard,  tumorous  masses  containing  many  pus  cavi- 
ties form  on  the  mammary  glands  when  the  animal  is  affected.  A 
veterinarian  should  be  called  to  remove  the  masses  and  prescribe 
the  use  of  potassium  iodid. 

PNEUMONIA. 

Pneumonia  is  caused  by  an  organism  and  develops  in  pigs  which 
are  exposed  to  inclement  weather  or  dust,  or  which  are  forced  to  live . 
either  in  filth  or  insanitary  yards,  or  in  close,  damp,  poorly  venti- 
lated hog  houses.     In  pneumonia  the  breathing  is  rather  labored  and 


24       BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGK [CULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIOX. 

there  is  weakness,  fever,  and  a  cough.  The  animals  should  be  pro- 
vided with  clean,  warm,  airy,  dry  quarters  and  given  a  well-balanced 
ration  containing  plenty  of  protein  constituents.  Annoying  the 
animals  by  giving  them  medicine  in  this  disease  usually  does  more 
harm  than  the  medicine  does  good. 

RHEUMATISM. 

Rheumatism  is  characterized  by  lameness  and  swollen  joints.  The 
disorder  is  prevalent  where  stable  and  yard  conditions  are  poor  and 
the  animals  do  not  get  proper  exercise.  They  should  be  changed  to 
sanitary  quarters  and  fed  on  sour  milk.  Fifteen  grains  of  sodium 
salicylate  to  every  100  pounds  of  hog  should  be  administered  in  the 
ration  once  a  day. 

RICKETS. 

Rickets  is  characterized  by  large  joints  and  bones,  crooked  limbs, 
and  a  general  unthrifty  appearance.  The  disease  is  directly  trace- 
able to  lack  of  bone-forming  ingredients  in  the  ration  of  the  pregnant 
sow  and  young  pigs.  Bone  meal  and  phosphate  of  lime  should  be 
added  to  the  ration  and  sanitary  quarters  should  be  provided  for 
the  animals.  If  possible,  provision  should  be  made  so  that  the  pigs 
can  get  plenty  of  exercise  and  have  facilities  for  pasturing. 

INFECTIOUS  DIARRHEA. 

Infectious  diarrhea  occurs  largely  among  young  pigs  and  is 
accompanied  by  intestinal  ulcerations.  Pigs  so  affected  are  inclined 
to  develop  pneumonia.  The  disease  is  caused  by  an  organism  of  the 
colon-typhoid  group  which  is  introduced  into  the  system  with  food 
or  drinking  water.  Foul  yards  and  pens  are  responsible  for  its 
occurrence  among  swine.  When  it  does  occur,  all  pigs  and  pregnant 
sows  should  be  removed  to  new  ground  and  segregated  into  small 
groups.  The  use  of  concrete  feeding  troughs,  which  permit  of 
thorough  cleansing,  is  very  effective  in  preventing  infectious 
diarrhea. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

Tuberculosis  in  swine  is  usually  contracted  from  tuberculous 
cattle.  There  are  no  easily  diagnosed  symptoms  of  the  presence  of 
the  disease.  In  the  advanced  stage,  intestinal  tuberculous  swine 
suffer  from  disturbance  of  the  digestive  tract  and  sometimes  from 
constipation  or  diarrhea.  When  affected  with  tuberculosis  of  the 
lungs,  the  animal  has  a  persistent,  harsh,  dry  cough  and  experiences 
some  difficulty  in  breathing,  especially  after  exercising.  The 
lymphatic  glands  are  considerably  enlarged  and  the  animal  presents 
a  general  unthrifty  appearance.  A  qualified  veterinarian  should 
test  the  animals  with  tuberculin  to  determine  which  are  free  from 
the  disease.  Reactors  should  be  disposed  of  and  tuberculosis 
eradicated  from  the  herd  with  which  the  animals  associated.  The 
premises  should  immediately  be  cleaned  and  disinfected. 

CONSTIPATION. 

Constipation  in  hogs  may  be  due,  among  other  things,  to  lack 
of  exercise  and  to  the  eating  of  too  much  dry  feed  or  roughage. 
It  can  be  corrected  by  making  the  animals  take  plenty  of  exercise 


SWINE   EAISIXG  IN    HAWAII.  25 

and  by  giving  them  feeds  having  a  laxative  effect,  such  as  slops  to 
which  flaxseed  meal  is  added.  Increasing  the  quantity  of  green 
feed  in  the  ration  also  helps  to  restore  normal  functioning.  Young 
succulent  alfalfa  is  especially  good.  In  severe  cases  a  dose  of 
Glaubers  or  Epsom  salts  should  be  administered  at  the  rate  of 
1  ounce  to  every  100  pounds  of  hog. 

HEAT     PROSTRATION. 

Heat  prostration  results  when  the  hogs  have  been  driven  or 
hauled  a  considerable  distance  during  the  heat  of  the  day.  Danger 
of  prostration  can  be  lessened  by  keeping  the  animals  from  becoming 
unduly  excited.  When  prostrated  by  heat,  the  hog  becomes  very 
short  winded,  shows  weakness  of  heart  action  and  often  consider- 
able distress,  and  in  many  instances  develops  convulsions  resulting 
in  death.  This  condition  may  be  lessened  or  prevented  ordinarily 
by  pouring  water  on  the  face  and  feet  of  the  animal.  The  best 
method  probably  is  by  use  of  a  sprinkler,  keeping  the  water  contin- 
uously running  over  the  head  and  face  and  on  the  feet,  and  later  on 
along  the  bellv. 

NODULAR   SKIN   DISEASE. 

Nodular  skin  disease,  called  by  the  native  Hawaiians  puu  puu,  can 
not  really  be  characterized  as  a  disease.  It  is  an  affection  of  young 
pigs  and  is  brought  about  principally  by  feeding  an  unbalanced  ra- 
tion, that  is,  one  excessively  rich  in  protein  and  therefore  of  a  heat- 
ing nature.  Contributory  causes  include  insanitary  conditions,  in- 
adequate ventilation,  and  insufficient  exercise.  Animals  affected 
with  nodular  skin  disease  should  be  given  an  occasional  bath  in 
some  good  disinfectant  solution,  such  as  creolin,  or  a  2  per  cent  so- 
lution of  cresol  compound,  U.  S.  P.,  and  the  eruptions  which  have  be- 
come covered  with  scab  should  be  touched  with  tincture  of  iodine. 
A  cooling  diet  which  is  laxative  in  effect  is  also  recommended  as 
a  relief  measure. 

VERMIN  AND  INTESTINAL  WORMS. 

LICE. 

Hogs  infested  with  the  common  hog  louse  (H cematopinus  suis) 
present  an  unthrifty  appearance  and  suffer  from  irritation  and  itch- 
ing. Lousy  animals,  filthy  infected  bedding,  and  insanitary  quar- 
ters transmit  the  pest  from  one  hog  to  another.  Lice  can  be  eradi- 
cated only  by  persistent  and  vigorous  treatment.  An  efficacious 
treatment  can  be  prepared  as  follows:  To  one-quarter  pound  of 
common  laundry  soap  which  has  been  dissolved  by  boiling  in  a  little 
water,  add  1  gallon  of  rain  water.  Remove  the  mixture  to  consider- 
able distance  from  the  fire  to  avoid  explosion  and  while  it  is  still  hot 
pour  into  it  2  gallons  of  kerosene  (coal  oil)  and  then  stir  vigorously. 
The  completed  creamy  emulsion  should  be  diluted  for  use  with  8  or 
10  parts  of  warm  rain  water.  A  stiff  brush  or  a  swab  of  cotton 
should  be  used  to  cover  every  part  of  the  animals  body  with  the 
solution.6  Large  numbers  of  affected  animals  can  effectively  be 
treated  if  they  are  immersed  in  a  medicated  liquid  in  a  dipping  vat. 

6  When  hogs  are  treated  with  crude  petroleum,  they  should  be  provided  with  plenty  of 
shade  and  water  to  prevent  skin  scalding. 


26        BULLETIN  48,   HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIOX. 

Small  numbers  need  only  a  rubbing  post.  Occasional  spraying  with 
a  solution  composed  of  equal  parts  of  kerosene  and  crude  oil  is  effec- 
tive for  lice  control.  Another  remedy  is  to  float  a.  thin  film  of  oil 
over  the  hog  wallows. 

MANGE. 

Scabies,  or  mange,  in  hogs  is  caused  by  small  parasitic  mites  which 
live  in  the  skin.  It  is  characterized  by  wounds  or  lesions  in  the  skin 
and  bv  small  cone-shaped  swellings.  The  animal  scratches  or  rubs 
the  affected  parts  until  the  surface  becomes  raw.  Scabs  then  form 
and  the  affected  areas  become  leather-like  and  fall  into  wrinkles  or 
folds.  When  the  swine  are  mangy  the  yards  and  runways  should 
be  thoroughly  disinfected  and  provided  with  rubbing  posts  which 
are  covered  with  heavy  cloth  sacking  saturated  with  crude  oil.  A 
rather  expensive  method  of  eradicating  mange  is  by  the  use  of  a 
sulphur  ointment. 

WORMS. 

The  intestines  of  young  pigs  are  frequently  infested  with  worms. 
Pigs  thus  affected  act  in  much  the  same  way  as  they  do  when  suffering 
from  cholera,  the  only  difference  being  that  in  the  former  case  there  is 
no  fever  and  the  ailment  is  confined  to  young  animals  only.  Worm 
eggs  and  embryos  are  taken  into  the  S}Tstem  in  contaminated  drinking 
water  or  food  that  is  picked  up  in  foul  yards.  All  insanitary  con- 
ditions should  be  removed,  including  the  excreta  of  infected  hogs, 
and  the  yards  should  be  disinfected  or  else  not  used  again  by  hogs 
for  a  year.  The  feeding  of  santonin  and  calomel  (5  grains  of  each 
for  every  shote  weighing  from  50  to  75  pounds)  with  the  ration  is 
often  effective  in  eradicating  worms.  In  stubborn  cases  at  the  Haiku 
substation  santonin  and  calomel  were  used  or  standard  worm  cap- 
sules were  administered  by  means  of  a  balling  gun. 

While  the  use  of  proprietary  conditioners  is  not.  recommended,  they 
occasionally  give  good  results  when  added  to  a  mixture  of  wood 
ashes,  hydrated  lime,  finally  ground  phosphate  rock,  fine  common 
salt,  and  finely  ground  copperas  (iron  sulphate).  These  ingredients 
should  be  thoroughly  mixed  and  kept  in  a  compartment  of  the  self- 
feeder.  An  animal  in  good  condition  will  be  better  able  to  resist 
attacks  of  worms  than  will  one  in  poor  condition.  Worms  impair 
the  general  health  of  swine,  especially  of  young  animals. 

FEEDING    EXPERIMENTS    AND    PRACTICES    AT    THE    HAIKU    SUB- 
STATION. 

Two  distinct  series  of  feeding  experiments  and  systems  of  swine 
management  were  conducted  at  the  New  Era  homestead  farm  in  con- 
junction with  the  Haiku  substation  during  the  period  1916-19*20.  in- 
clusive. 

The  first  series  had  for  its  object  (1)  the  determination  of  the  prac- 
ticability of  raising  and  fattening  swine  on  pasturage  ranging  from 
one-tenth  to  one  acre  in  maximum  area;  and  (2)  the  determination 
of  the  palatability  and  relative  feeding  value  of  the  various  Hawaiian 
grown  forage  crops  when  they  were  pastured  by,  or  fed  as  soiling 
crops  to.  swine,  both  with  and  without  supplementary  grains  and 
other  concentrates.  From  the  data  obtained  it  has  been  learned  what 
amounts  of  pork  may  reasonably  be  produced  per  animal  per  acre 


SWINE   RAISING  IN   HAWAII.  27 

under  good  management;     Further  tests  were  made  to  compare  the 

value  of  feeding-  concentrates  from  self-feeders  with  feeding-  by  hand 
when  swine  were  pastured,  soiled,  or  kept  in  the  dry  lot.  and  also  to 
ascertain  the  relative  yields  of  the  various  crops  when  they  were 
grown  singly  and  in  combination  as  intercropping.  It  was  learned 
what  systems  of  rotation  gave  the  best  results,  the  influence  these 
systems  had  upon  the  fertility  of  the  soil  when  the  crops  were 
pastured,  and  the  relative  costs  of  each. 

The  second  series  of  feeding  experiments  was  based  on  an  intensive 
system  of  management,  the  swine  being  confined  in  small  inclosures 
and  fed  mostly  concentrated  feeds  with  a  minimum  of  pasturage  and 
green  soiling  crops.  A  great  deal  of  the  feed  was  ground  and  cooked 
and  the  by-products  fed  included  condemned  carcasses,  cassava  starch 
refuse,  cull  beans,  sugar  cane  molasses,  and  ground  hay.  The  object 
of  these  series  of  experiments  was  to  determine  the  difference  between 
the  two  systems  of  management  in  economy  of  labor  and  feed,  health 
of  the  animals,  and  average  cost  of  swine  production. 

Only  pure-bred  Berkshires  were  used  in  these  experiments.  The 
herd  included  10  brood  sows  and  2  herd  boars  ranging  from  }Tearlings 
to  5-year  olds,  together  with  about  40  young  pigs  not  over  1  year  old. 
The  smallest  number  of  hogs  under  test  at  any  one  time  was  20 
and  the  largest  was  80.  All  animals  were  bred  and  reared  on  the 
farm  excepting  5  of  the  12  mature  animals  forming  the  breeding 
herd. 

Xo  contagious  disease  attacked  the  herd  during  the  five  years  of 
its  existence  and  only  three  mature  animals  were  lost  during  the 
period,  two  as  a  result  of  faulty  farrowing  and  one  as  a  result  of 
a  dipping  experiment.  The  average  loss  of  small  suckling  pigs  was 
slightly  less  than  20  per  cent  of  the  500  pigs  farrowed.  Sows  usually 
farrowed  two  litters  a  year,  such  farrowings  totaling  about  85  per 
cent  of  all  the  sows  kept.  The  smallest  litter  farrowed  was  5  pigs 
and  the  largest  was  13.  The  highest  number  of  pigs  in  a  litter  which 
were  brought  to  maturity  was  11.  and  the  lowest  was  3.  Xo  abor- 
tion occurred  in  the  herd  during  the  period  of  test,  and  the  average 
number  of  pigs  raised  per  sow  per  annum  for  the  entire  herd  was  a 
fraction  over  10.  In  1919,  7  soavs  brought  to  weaning  age  about  14 
pigs  each. 

It  is  concluded  from  the  experiment  that  with  good  management 
10  pigs  per  sow  per  annum  is  a  reasonably  possible  accomplishment 
in  herds  not  exceeding  10  brood  sows,  which  was  the  average  number 
maintained  at  the  Haiku  substation  and  upon  which  these  data  are 
based.  However,  it  is  estimated  that  less  than  half  of  this  number 
is  the  average  production  per  sow  in  Hawaii  as  a  rule.  Such  a  high 
and  profitable  standard  can  be  maintained  only  with  good  foundation 
stock  which  are  carefully  mated,  well  fed.  and  well  cared  for. 

PLAN   AND   MANAGEMENT   OF  PASTURES  AND   RATIONS. 

Figure  18  shows  the  general  layout  of  the  swine  breeding  and 
feeding  plant  at  the  Haiku  substation  at  the  beginning  of  the  series 
of  experiments  in  1916. 

The  one-tenth-acre  paddocks  were  found  to  be  rather  small  at  the 
end  of  the  hist  year's  trial  for  the  support  of  sows  having  big  litters. 
Two  lots  were  therefore  thrown  together  to  form  one-fifth-acre  pad- 


28        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

docks,  and  10  such  lots,  comprising  an  area  of  2  acres,  were  main- 
tained throughout  the  rest  of  the  experimental  period.    In  addition 


A//B/SCUS  A/E/OGE 


A/ABA  SCO'S  HE&GE 


RiRSTO-RE /.OT 
2S'x/7S'(#o/?CREj 
EORSOWATA/L/TTER. 


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f 


V 


N0.8, 


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>\      r/psture  lot 

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JEORSO/T/VATAV  LATTER 
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r  /TERA/AAAG  TAME. 


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/2s'x/7S'(a<?oa?cre) 

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Atf/P/AV  AAOG  R/PSTCARE 
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/A/a/l//£HS/?L  P/PSTC//FES. 


2 /PC RES 


AW/PAAA  AAOG  RAPSTURE  EOR 
'SOWS  TO  RECOEERRTE  RETER 
SrE/?AV/AVGTA/£/ff  RAGS  OR  EOR 
YOOAVG  STOCAC. 

USi 


Fig.  18. — General  plan  of  the  swine  plant,  New  Era  Homestead  farm.     Total  area, 
5  acres  ;  capacity,  50  hogs. 


to  the  one-fifth-acre  lots  for  dry  sows,  two  paddocks,  each  1^  acres 
in  area,  were  provided  for  weaned  and  fattening  pigs. 


SWINE   RAISING  IN    HAWAII.  29 

Each  of  the  one-fifth-acre  lots  was  planted  in  some  desirable 
forage  crop,  and  a  definite  system  of  crop  rotation  was  planned  and 
adhered  to.  Legumes,  root  crops,  and  nonleguminous  crops  were 
alternated  except  in  instances  where  crops  ratooned  or  sent  up  vol- 
unteers.   In  such  instances  the  same  crop  was  allowed  to  repeat  itself. 

Two  or  three  weeks  before  farrowing  time  each  sow  was  placed  in 
one  of  the  fresh  lots  in  crop.  Just  before  the  animal  was  placed 
in  her  new  quarters,  a  square  rod  of  the  crop  was  harvested  and 
weighed  to  determine  the  approximate  amount  of  green  forage  it 
contained.  A  portable  hog  cot  having  a  built-in  self-feeder  was 
then  placed  in  the  lot  and  the  sow  was  weighed.  Excessively  fat 
sows  were  not  given  grain  or  milled  feed  in  addition  to  pasturage 
but  they  had  access  to  mineral  matter  consisting  of  10  parts  of  wood 
ashes,  5  parts  of  hydrated  lime,  5  parts  of  finely  ground  phosphate 
rock,  3  parts  of  fine  common  salt,  and  2  parts  of  finely  ground  cop- 
peras (iron  sulphate).  These  ingredients  after  being  thoroughly 
mixed  were  placed  in  a  compartment  of  the  self-feeder.  Charcoal 
made  an  excellent  supplement  to  this  mixture.  It  may  be  added  to 
form  up  to  half  of  the  total  volume. 

Sows  which  were  in  good  flesh  and  about  to  farrow  were  placed 
in  a  fresh  paddock  containing  good  succulent  crops  and  given  a 
light  grain-meal  mixture  amounting  to  about  1  pound  per  day  for 
each  150  pounds  of  hog.  When  the  animals  were  placed  in  good 
cowpea  pasture  that  was  heavily  seeded,  they  were  not  given  any 
concentrated  feed.  Brood  sows  which  were  in  medium  flesh  were 
fed  a  medium  grain-meal  ration  amounting  to  2  and  2-|  pounds 
per  day  for  each  100  pounds  of  hog,  and  thin  sows  were  given 
free  access  to  the  self-feeder  to  consume  3  to  4  pounds  of  grain 
meal  daily  per  100  pounds  of  hog  in  addition  to  the  pasturage. 
Under  the  latter  conditions  sows  gained  over  1^  pounds  per  day  and 
were  able  to  maintain  their  increased  weight  for  a  reasonable  period 
after  farrowing.  When  the  litters  were  6  to  8  weeks  old,  these 
sows  lost  in  flesh,  but  only  in  very  few  instances  did  they  become 
excessively  thin.  At  weaning  time  either  the  sow  or  her  young 
were  removed  to  another  one-fifth  acre  paddock,  or  to  one  of  the 
l|-acre  fields,  depending  upon  the  condition  of  the  animals  and 
of  the  pasture. 

The  feeding  capacity  of  any  field  or  paddock  is  dependent  upon 
its  yield  and  upon  the  skill  with  which  it  is  fed  to  the  animals.  Al- 
though many  of  the  forage  crops  will  barely  maintain  an  animal 
in  fair  condition,  hogs  at  the  Haiku  substation  gained  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-half  pound  daily  when  they  were  pastured  or  soiled 
on  the  best  forage  crops  without  the  use  of  supplementary  feeds. 
Swine  that  were  allowed  to  run  on  good  pasturage  and  fed  in 
addition  light,  medium,  or  full  rations  of  grain  daily  gained  from 
1  to  If  pounds.  In  most  of  the  feeding  trials  animals  pasturing 
on  green  feeds  made  better  gains  than  did  those  on  soilage.  Pastur- 
ing was  also  more  economical  than  soiling  because  it  involved  a 
smaller  amount  of  labor.  Rapid,  if  not  very  economical,  gains  were 
usually  obtained  through  feeding  full  grain  meal  rations  from  a  self- 
feeder,  but  the  cheapest  gains  were  often  made  on  a  light  to  medium 
supplementary  grain  ration.  In  the  latter  instance  the  hogs  ate  a 
large  proportion  of  the  relatively  cheaper  forage. 


30       BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIOX. 

In  the  earlier  experiments  "  free-choice  "  feeding  methods  were 
practiced ;  that  is,  the  various  kinds  of  feed  were  placed  in  separate 
compartments  of  the  self-feeders  so  that  the  animals  could  select 
at  will  the  kinds  and  quantities  they  desired.  When  they  were 
pastured  on  alfalfa,  cowpeas,  peanuts,  velvet  beans,  soy  beans,  and 
other  leguminous  crops,  the  hogs  consumed  comparatively  little 
tankage  or  other  animal  protein  feed,  such  as  dried  blood,  dried 
milk,  and  the  like.  On  the  other  hand,  when  they  were  pastured 
on  nonleguminous  crops,  such  as  sweet  potatoes,  cassava,  corn,  and 
grasses,  having  a  high  carbohydrate  content,  over  10  per  cent  of  the 
animal  protein  feeds  was  consumed.  In  all  later  feeding  experi- 
ments mixtures  were  compounded  in  accordance  with  these  findings. 

Hogs  pasturing  on  leguminous  forage  crops  were  fed  from  self- 
feeders  mixtures  of  dry  mashes  composed  of  corn  meal,  cassava 
meal,  wheat,  or  rice  bran  and  shorts,  with  tankage  or  blood  meal  not 
exceeding  2.5  per  cent  and  cane  molasses  up  to  and  including  5 
per  cent.  These  rations  had  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1 :  20.  When  the 
animals  were  pastured  on  such  crops  as  sweet  potatoes,  cassava, 
Indian  corn,  Uba  cane,  and  the  like,  the  self-feeder  rations  were 
made  up  of  alfalfa  or  pigeon  pea  meal,  soy  bean  and  peanut  meal, 
oil-cake  meal,  mill  run  (bran  and  middlings),  together  with  tankage, 
dried  blood  or  dried  skim  milk  to  the  amount  of  about  10  per- 
cent. This  mixture  produced  a  nutritive  ratio  of  approximately 
1 :  3.  The  records  of  the  Haiku  substation  show  that  the  average 
consumption  of  these  feeds  per  100  pounds  of  hog  was  an  average 
of  2^  to  3-J-  pounds  daily,  and  that  300  to  400  pounds  of  such  feeds 
produced  100  pounds  of  gain  in  swine  when  the  animals  were  pas- 
tured in  accordance  with  the  above  outlined  cropping  schemes. 
The  average  daily  gains  ranged  from  0.75  to  1.5  pounds  per  animal, 
depending  mainly  upon  the  age  and  condition  of  the  animals  fed. 

Enough  data  have  been  accumulated  to  show  clearly  that  it  pays 
to  balance  the  feeding  rations  of  swine,  at  least  to  the  extent  shown 
above,  and  that  both  forage  crops  and  concentrated  feeds  must  be 
carefully  selected  for  palatability  as  well  as  for  composition. 

The  table  on  page  31  shows  the  forage  crops  that  have  been  grown 
most  successfully  at  the  Haiku  substation  both  from  the  standpoint 
of  yield  and  from  the  standpoint  of  value  to  the  hogs. 


SWINE   RAISING  IN    HAWAII. 


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SWINE   RAISING  IN   HAWAII.  33 

LEGUMES. 

Leguminous  crops,  including  alfalfa,  cowpeas,  peanuts,  velvet 
beans,  soy  beans,  and  pigeon  peas  are  rich  in  protein  and  can  be 
used  to  a  large  extent  to  replace  imported  grains  and  millstuffs. 

Alfalfa  is  one  of  the  best  perennial  forage  crops  for  swine  and  can 
easily  be  grown,  if  conditions  are  favorable.  It  should  be  planted  in 
January.  February.  March,  and  November,  and  8  to  12  pounds  of 
the  seed  should  be  sown  per  acre  in  drills  12  to  18  inches  apart. 

Cowpeas  is  one  of  the  best  all  round  annual  forage  crops  for  swine. 
The  seed  should  be  sown  at  the  rate  of  20  to  40  pounds  per  acre 
in  rows  30  to  45  inches  apart.  The  best  time  for  planting  is  in  Feb- 
ruary. May.  October,  and  November.  Cowpeas  may  produce  one 
ratoon  crop. 

Peanuts,  if  fed  in  combination  with  corn,  are  especially  fine  for 
fattening  hogs.  Two  bushels  of  nuts  in  pods,  or  about  20  pounds 
of  shelled  nuts,  per  acre  should  be  planted  in  rows  30  to  45  inches 
apart.  They  may  be  planted  in  February.  May.  October,  and  No- 
vember. Volunteer  crops  may  be  produced  from  seed  that  is  left  in 
the  ground.     If  fed  alone  peanuts  tend  to  produce  a  soft  pork. 

Velvet  beans  make  an  excellent  hog  forage  if  they  are  fed  when 
the  seeds  begin  to  ripen  and  are  supplemented  with  grain.  About  50 
pounds  per  acre  should  be  sown  in  rows  from  30  to  60  inches  apart. 
They  can  be  planted  in  February.  May.  October,  and  November  and 
may  produce  one  ratoon  crop. 

Soy  beans  seed  heavily  and  make  very  nourishing  forage  for  hogs. 
From  25  to  50  pounds  of  seed  per  acre  should  be  sown  in  rows  30  to 
45  inches  apart.  They  can  be  planted  in  February.  May,  October, 
and  November. 

The  pigeon  pea  crop,  which  is  practically  a  new  forage  crop  for 
swine  in  Hawaii,  should,  before  feeding,  be  ground  into  fine  meal  for 
best  results.  From  10  to  20  pounds  of  seed  per  acre  should  be  sown 
in  rows  45  and  60  inches  apart.  The  crop  is  a  perennial  and  can  be 
planted  in  February.  May,  October,  and  November. 

ROOT   AXD    TUBER   CROPS. 

Eoot  and  tuber  crops  are  relatively  low  in  protein  content  and  high 
in  carbohydrates.  Among  the  best  for  swine  feeding  are  sweet  po- 
tatoes, cassava,  edible  canna.  and  Jerusalem  artichokes. 

The  sweet  potato  is  one  of  the  cheapest  crops  to  grow  for  swine. 
It  should  be  supplemented  with  leguminous  forage  crops.  The  cut- 
tings should  be  planted  in  lots  of  10.000  per  acre  in  rows  36  to  4^ 
inches  apart.  The  best  time  to  plant  is  during  February.  May. 
October,  and  November.  Tubers  that  are  left  in  the  ground  are 
likely  to  produce  volunteer  crops. 

Cassava  is  a  rich  feed  in  carbohydrate.  It  should  be  fed  in  com- 
bination with  feeds  that  are  rich  in  protein.  From  3,500  to  4,500 
cuttings  may  be  planted  per  acre  in  rows  30  to  60  inches  apart.  The 
time  of  planting  is  February.  May.  October,  and  November.  This 
crop  does  not  ratoon. 

Edible  canna  should  be  cooked  before  it  is  fed  to  swine.  From 
3.500  to  4,500  bulbs  should  be  planted  per  acre  in  rows  30  to  60  inches 
apart.  Edible  canna  may  be  planted  in  February.  May,  October,  and 
November. 


34       BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Jerusalem  artichokes  are  greatly  relished  by  swine.  From  250  to 
500  pounds  per  acre  should  be  planted  in  rows  30  to  60  inches  apart. 
The  crop  may  be  planted  in  February,  May,  October,  and  November. 

NONLEGUMINOUS  AND  NONROOT   CROPS. 

Both  the  nonleguminous  and  the  nonroot  crops,  including  corn, 
grain  sorghums,  Uba  cane,  elephant  grass,  and  Bermuda  and  Hilo 
grass  pasturage,  are  rich  in  carbohydrate  and  inclined  to  be  fibrous. 
Probably  all  with  the  exception  of  corn  in  mature  grain  may  be 
classed  as  coarse  roughage.  They  can  be  planted  in  February,  April, 
October,  and  November. 

Corn7  is  probably  the  most  efficient  of  the  fattening  grains  for 
swine.  From  7  to  10  pounds  per  acre  of  the  seed  should  be  planted 
in  rows  42  to  60  inches  apart. 

Grain  sorghums,  while  inferior  to  corn,  make  an  excellent  grain 
feed  for  swine.  From  5  to  8  pounds  of  the  seed  per  acre  should  be 
sown  in  rows  42  to  60  inches  apart. 

Uba  cane  is  an  excellent  nonleguminous  forage  for  swine  and  is 
well  liked  by  them.  From  8,000  to  12,000  cuttings  per  acre  should 
be  planted  in  rows  42  to  60  inches  apart. 

Elephant  grass  is  not  as  palatable  for  swine  as  is  saccharine  sor- 
ghum. From  8,000  to  12,000  cuttings  per  acre  should  be  planted 
in  rows  42  to  60  inches  apart. 

Bermuda  and  Hilo  grass  pasturage  is  excellent  for  swine  to  root 
in.  It  is  a  perennial  and  the  sod  or  coarse  clippings  should  be 
plowed  under. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Among  the  miscellaneous  hog  feeds  may  be  included  algaroba  pods, 
cactus  fruits,  and  pineapple  fruits. 

Algaroba  pods  are  excellent  as  a  hog  feed  if  not  fed  in  abundance. 
For  best  results,  they  should  be  ground  unless  they  are  pastured. 
Select  seedlings  of  heavy  podding  strains  should  be  planted  20  by  20 
feet  with  not  more  than  100  trees  to  the  acre. 

Cactus  fruit,  when  pastured,  is  excellent  as  a  hog  feed. 

Pineapple  fruit,  if  very  acid,  should  not  be  fed  in  excess  to  swine. 

SYSTEMATIC  ROTATION. 

It  has  been  conclusively  demonstrated  that  grass  crops  should 
follow  leguminous  crops,  and  that  all  broadcasted  and  nonroot  crops 
should  follow  cultivated  and  root  crops.  Under  the  cropping  and 
feeding  systems  practiced  at  the  Haiku  substation,  worn-out  pine- 
apple lands  of  low  fertility,  when  hogged  off,  were  brought  up  to 
a  state  of  comparatively  high  fertility  within  three  years.  On  the 
other  hand,  lands  from  which  the  crops  had  been  removed  and  on 
which  the  hogs  had  not  been  allowed  to  run  showed  a  decided  tend- 
ency to  soil  depletion. 

7  Considerable  corn  on  the  ear  has  been  fed  to  swine  in  Hawaii  in  the  past.  The  small 
farmer  in  the  Kula  region  of  Maui  invariably  feeds  corn  to  hogs  wiien  the  price  of  corn 
drops  below  its  feeding  value,  or  when  the  price  of  pork  reaches  exceptionally  high 
levels.  High  transportation  charges  on  this  crop  have  induced  many  of  the  farmers  to 
feed  it  to  swine,  and  this  practice  is  likely  to  continue  if  hogs  maintain  their  present 
high  price. 


SWINE    RAISING   IN    HAWAII. 


35 


METHODS  OF  SWINE  MANAGEMENT  PRACTICED  BY  LEADING 

RANCHERS. 

The  methods  followed  by  some  of  the  successful  swine  raisers  of 
Hawaii  are  given  in  the  hope  that  they  may  be  of  help  to  the  begin- 


Fig.  19. — Kemoo  farm.     Pens  for  feeding  garbage. 

ner.     The  data  presented  were  obtained  either  through  interview 
or  personal  observation. 

KEMOO    FARM. 

The  Kemoo  farm,  located  near  Schofield  Barracks,  Oahu,  has  a 
swine  herd  numbering  1,460  animals,  250  of  which  are  brood  sows 


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36       BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

of  high  grade  and  10  are  pure-bred  Duroc-Jersey  and  Berkshire 
boars.  (Figs.  19  and  20.)  Each  spw  on  this  farm  farrows,  on  the 
average,  3  litters  in  two  years  and  raises  5  or  6  pigs  per  annum. 
Crossbreeding  is  giving  fine  results,  a  Duroc  sow  which  was  bred  to 
a  Berkshire  boar,  recently  farrowing  16  pigs,  only  one  of  which  was 
born  dead,  and  10  of  which  are  being  raised.  Outstanding  records 
show  a  Tamworth  sow  to  have  produced  45  pigs  in  3  litters  in  a  little 
over  15  months.    One  boar  is  maintained  for  every  25  sows. 

Pigs  are  weaned  at  8  to  10  weeks  of  age  at  an  average  weight  of 
25  pounds.  As  soon  as  they  attain  a  weight  of  60  pounds,  they  are 
placed  in  one-half  acre  dry  paddocks  in  lots  of  40  head.  Here  they 
are  given  some  green  feed,  such  as  alfalfa,  sorghums,  and  the  like, 
together  with  all  the  garbage  they  can  consume. 

Eighty  cans  containing  about  300  pounds  of  garbage  each  are 
daily  hauled  from  the  military  posts  to  the  Kemoo  farm.  All  con- 
tainers are  thoroughly  cleansed  and  sterilized  by  steam  (100-pound 
pressure)  and  then  dipped  in  lime  wash.  This  process  and  the  cost 
of  hauling  of  course  involve  considerable  expense. 

In  1915  the  Kemoo  farm  sold  365  garbage-fed  hogs  for  $6,198, 
which  averaged  11  cents  a  pound  live  weight.  In  1918  the  sales  in- 
creased to  1,686  head  which  sold  for  $50,439,  or  about  22  cents  a 
pound. 

It  has  been  estimated  on  the  mainland  that  1  ton  a  day  of  well- 
managed  residence  garbage  will  fatten  40  well-conditoned  hogs 
and  will  develop  an  equal  number  of  shotes  or  brood  sows;  while 
a  ton  of  hotel  or  military  post  garbage  will  fatten  100  hogs  and  take 
care  of  100  shotes  beside.  Garbage  from  hotels  is  very  much  more 
efficient  as  a  feed  than  garbage  from  private  homes.  In*  well-estab- 
lished garbage  feeding  plants  hogs  weighing  about  125  pounds  each 
are  selected  and  fed  until  they  have  attained  a  weight  of  about  250 
pounds.  This  gain  requires,  under  good  management,  about  100 
days  and  represents  an  average  daily  gain  of  1J  pounds. 

Some  years  ago  the  Kemoo  farm  conducted  a  number  of  feeding- 
experiments  to  determine  the  feeding  value  of  garbage  for  swine. 
Twenty-four  pigs,  grouped  in  lots  of  3  to  a  pen,  and  weighing  from 
58  to  71  pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment,  were  given,  for 
50  days,  a  ration  having  garbage  as  the  basic  feed.  Supplementary 
feeds,  such  as  wheat  middlings,  alfalfa  meal,  rice  bran,  barley,  corn, 
both  separately  and  in  combination,  were  added  to  the  garbage  in 
various  proportions.  The  highest  daily  gain  per  pig  was  0.7934 
pound,  which  was  obtained  by  feeding  4  pounds  of  rice  bran  and  If 
pounds  of  corn,  respectively,  per  pig  per  day,  in  addition  to  all 
the  garbage  they  would  consume.  The  second  highest  daily  gain 
per  pig  was  0.76  pound,  which  was  obtained  by  feeding  2f  pounds 
of  corn  per  pen  of  3  pigs,  in  addition  to  all  of  the  garbage  the 
animals  would  consume.  The  lowest  gain,  0.4534  pound,  was  made 
by  pigs  receiving  4  pounds  of  alfalfa  meal  in  addition  to  all  the  gar- 
bage they  would  consume. 

In  a  later  experiment,  20  small  pigs,  in  groups  of  10  to  a  pen, 
were  fed  for  40  days.  Those  in  lot  1  were  fed  garbage  only  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  experiment  weighed  a  total  of  298  pounds.  At 
the  close  of  the  experiment  they  had  made  a  total  gain  of  124  pounds. 
The  pigs  in  lot  2  were  fed  100  pounds  of  tankage  in  addition  to  the 


SWINE    RAISING   IX    HAWAII. 


37 


garbage.  Their  total  weight  was  301  pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the 
experiment  and  462  pounds  at  the  close,  which  was  a  gain  of  37 
pounds  over  the  gain  made  by  the  pigs  receiving  no  tankage.  Only 
young  pigs  ranging  from  20  to  30  pounds  each  were  used  in  these 
experiments,  and  the  gains  on  the  whole  were  comparatively  light. 
They  plainly  show,  however,  that  certain  kinds  of  supplements  have 
an  influence  in  weight  when  they  are  fed  in  combination  with  garbage, 
and  likewise  that  the  feeding  of  garbage  is  not  necessarily  the  most 
economical  method,  especially  for  young  pigs  and  brood  sows,  unless 
a  supplementary  feed  is  added  to  the  ration.  It  pays  well  to  supple- 
ment the  garbage  with  a  liberal  amount  of  concentrated  feed,  such  as 
dried  blood  or  tankage,  which  has  a  high  animal  protein  content. 
Large  and  economical  gains  can  be  made  with  such  feeding  unless, 
of  course,  the  cost  of  the  supplemental  feed  is  abnormally  high. 


Fig.  21. — Molokai  ranch  piggery.     Raised  plank  floors  are  cool  and  less  expensive  than 
concrete.     Car  track  facilitates  feeding. 


MOLOKAI    RANCH   SWINE    DEPARTMENT. 

The  following  report  was  received  from  the  swine  department  of 
the  Molokai  ranch.  Kaunakakai.  Molokai  (Fig.  21)  : 

Good  algaroba  pasture  is  more  than  a  maintenance  feed  for  swine,  but  it  is 
not  considered  as  good  as  corn,  rice  bran,  or  barley.  On  tiais  ranch  corn  ranks 
first  in  food  value,  with  rice  bran  second,  barley  third,  and  algaroba  fourth. 
The  hogs  are  not  pastured  on  any  planted  crop,  but  are  daily  given  one  good 
feeding  of  green  alfalfa.  Rice  bran  is  fed  to  fattening  hogs  only  when  corn 
and  algaroba  beans  are  not  available.  Corn  is  fed  during  probably  four  months 
of  the  year.  When  it  is  used,  corn  is  given  in  regular  amounts  twice  daily  on 
cement  floors,  but  rice  bran  or  beans  are  fed  from  self-feeders.  The  hogs 
average  daily  gains  of  li  to  2  pounds  each. 

There  are  a  few  pure-bred  swine  at  the  ranch,  but  the  greater  number  of 
animals  are  high  grades.  Practically  everything  is  shipped  to  market  from  a 
pure-bred  boar  to  hogs  out  of  grade  sows.     The  entire  herd  is  so  nearly  pure 


38        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

that  it  would  be  impossible  to  say  whether  pure  breds  or  grades  make  the 
more  economical  gains. 

Each  sow  averages  one  and  one-half  litters  per  annum,  but  only  about  four 
pigs  per  sow  are  actually  raised  and  sold.  This  is  a  very  low  average,  and  is 
due  to  nodular  skin  disease,  which  carries  off  fully  40  per  cent  of  the  pigs  per 
annum.  The  pigs  are  weaned  when  they  are  2  to  3  months  old,  depending  upon 
weather  conditions  and  their  health.  All  pigs  have  the  run  of  pastures  during 
some  period  of  their  lives,  but  are  trough-fed  when  beans  are  out  of  season. 

Cooked  feed  consists  of  sweet  potatoes  and  potato  tops,  carcasses  which  are 
brought  in  from  the  ranch  pasture,  and  rice  bran,  or  barley.  After  being  placed 
in  a  steaming  vat  for  4  hours  the  cooked  stuff  is  fed  mostly  to  sows  with 
litters.    No  cooked  feed  is  given  to  fattening  sows. 

PUAKO    RANCH. 

The  swine  department  of  Puako  ranch,  on  the  west  coast  of 
Hawaii,  is  managed  with  a  minimum  outlay  of  labor  and  equipment. 
Throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  hogs  have  the  run  of 
an  extensive  algaroba  forest  reaching  to  the  sea,  and  they  are  fed 
from  racks  as  much  green  alfalfa  as  they  can  consume.  When 
algaroba  pods  are  out  of  season  the  animals  are  fed  beans  from 
self-feeders. 

KAMEHAMEHA  MANUAL   SCHOOL. 

An  early  attempt  was  made  at  the  Kamehameha  schools  to  interest 
Hawaiian  youth  in  swine  raising.     (Figs.  22  and  23.)     These  schools 


Fig.  22. — Group  of  grade  pigs,  Kamehameha  School,  1905.     Only  pure-bred  Berkshires 

now  at  school. 

now  maintain  fine  pure-bred  herds  of  swine  and  conduct  valuable 
feeding  experiments.  In  1905  they  conducted  a  feeding  test  with 
swine  to  demonstrate  that  algaroba  beans  have  the  same  value  as 
bran  and  barley  as  a  fattening  ration  and  can  be  used  at  half  the 
cost  of  the  imported  concentrated  feed.  By  the  use  of  garden  and 
kitchen  waste  in  the  ration,  the  cost  of  each  pound  of  gain  was 
further  reduced. 


SWINE   RAISING   IN    HAWAII. 


39 


The  following  report  was  submitted  by  the  agricultural  depart- 
ment of  the  Kamehameha  schools: 

Breeding. — 

Breed  gilts  at  11  or  12  months  for  first  litter. 

Breed  to  drop  second  litter  at  24  months. 

Breed  sows  every  7  months  thereafter  for  a  litter. 

Use  young  boar  for  light  service  at  9  months. 
Housing. — 

Place  sows  in  8  by  16  foot  double  farrowing  houses  having  guardrail,  and 
opening  on  leeward  side;  no  draughts  and  very  little  bedding. 

Pigs  in  out-of-door  runs  should  have  access  to  shelter  during  rainy  season 
only. 

Brood-sow  pens  should  bs  provided  with  hog  creeps. 


m 


Fig.  23. — Stock  judging.     Kamehameha  School.   1905. 


Yards. — 

Should  be  furnished  with  artificial  shade  where  trees  are  scanty. 

Should  be  sprinkled  during  the  middle  of  the  day  to  lay  dust  and  make 
pens  cool. 

Should  be  furnished  with  rubbing  posts. 
Feeding. — 

Kitchen  garbage  should  form  basic  ration  and  be  supplemented  with 
tankage. 

Young  pigs  should  be  given  equal  parts  of  middlings,  ground  oats,  and 
meal  in  the  form  of  slop  twice  daily,  beginning  when  the  animals  are 
about  1  month  old  and  continuing  until  they  are  5  months  old.  Not 
more  than  15  young  pigs  should  be  fed  in  the  same  pen.  After  they 
are  5  months  old  the  pigs  should  be  fed  kitchen  garbage. 

Boars  should  be  daily  fed  wheat  bran,  ground  oats,  rolled  barley,  and 
wheat  middlings  in  equal  parts  in  the  form  of  slop.  Garbage  is  too 
fattening.  A  standard  mineral  mixture  should  be  fed  at  the  rate  of 
1  tablespoonful  per  hog  once  a  day.  "Polled  barley  in  self-feeders 
should  be  used  to  supplement  garbage  in  market  pens.  Self-feeders 
are  not  advisable  for  use  of  hogs  that  are  kept  for  breeding. 
Other  features. — 

Complete  system  of  records  are  kept  by  the  schools. 

Boars  are  kept  in  individual  pens. 

Sows  are  bred  in  the  latter  part  of  the  heat  period. 

Attention  is  given  to  sows  at  farrowing  time. 


40        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Other  features — Continued. 

All  pigs  constantly  receive  attention. 

Boars  are  castrated  when  they  are  6  weeks  old. 

Cleanliness  instead  of  vaccination  is  the  precaution  taken  against  dis- 
ease. 

All  pigs  are  given  a  feeding  of  bran  mash  once  a  week. 

Boars  and  overfat  sows  or  difficult  breeders  are  forced  to  exercise. 

All  pigs  are  daily  inspected  for  sickness. 

Experimental  feeding  is  carried  on. 
Results  of  this  management. — 

The  Kamehameha  schools  have  a  swine  herd  second  to  none  in  Hawaii. 

Splendid  individuals  are  developed  for  sale  as  breeding  stock. 

Market  hogs  weighing  200  pounds  are  produced  in  from  7  to  8  months  at 
a  profit  of  approximately  $20  per  hog. 

OTHER  RANCHES. 

At  the  Haleakala  and  Harold  Rice  ranches  on  Maui  extensive 
swine  herds  are  pastured  on  Bermuda  (Manienie)  grass,  with  which 
the  common  prickly  pear  is  freely  mixed.    Such  pastures,  especially 

during    the    prickly    pear 
g        09       s<*  season,  make  cheap  and  ex- 

^^^^    """""^^^o  cellent   maintenance  feeds. 

&y^  Since  the  prickly  pear  is 

so  commonly  found  in  Ha- 
waii, the  following  data 
may  be  of  interest  in  con- 
nection with  its  use  in  the 
swine  ration : 

In  a  series  of  tests  con- 
ducted in  California  with 
slabs  of  Burbank  spineless 
cactus,  8  pigs  ranging  from 
35  to  80  pounds  each  were 
fed  20  to  30  pounds  of  the 
cactus  daily  for  22  days. 
At  the  end  of  the  ex- 
periment the  hogs  showed 
a  net  gain  of  118  pounds, 
or  an  average  daily  gain 
of  two-thirds  pound  each. 
When  used  to  a  limited 
extent  at  the  Haiku  substation,  fresh  shredded  spineless  cactus  made 
a  valuable  srreen  feed  for  swine. 


Fig.  24. — Approximate  distribution  of  cost  in  swine 
production  at  the  Haiku  substation. 


SOME  FACTORS  GOVERNING  SUCCESSFUL  SWINE  PRODUCTION. 

Eaising  farm  feeds  economically  and  attending  to  details  of 
management  personally  are  the  essential  factors  governing  success- 
ful swine  production.  "  The  outstanding  item  of  expense  is  the  feed 
and  the  second  largest  item  is  the  labor  employed.  The  greatest 
saving,  and  therefore  the  greatest  profit,  can  be  had  only  by  exer- 
cising care  in  feeding  and  bv  the  employment  of  efficient  labor. 
(Fig.  24.) 

Up-to-date  business  methods  should  be  practiced  regardless  of 
whether  the  stock  is  to  be  sold  on  the  market  or  kept  for  breeding 
purposes. 


SWINE   RAISING   IN    HAWAII. 


41 


Breeding  stock  should  be  judiciously  advertised  and  exhibited 
at  fairs  so  that  it  will  be  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  public. 

The  breeder  of  pure  stock  should  join  the  national  and  State  asso- 
ciations of  the  breed  in  which  he  is  interested. 

Transfer  and  registration  papers  should  be  promptly  attended  to 
when  registered  stock  are  to  be  sold.  All  records  should  be  kept 
accurately  and  in  a  presentable  manner.  A  reputation  once  lost 
in  the  pure-bred  stock  business  can  not  be  regained. 

System,  business  ability,  and  strict  integrity  are  required  for  the 
development  of  a  worth-while  reputation  as  a  reliable  breeder. 

The  swine  raiser  should  not  attempt  to  breed  for  selling  purposes 
until  he  has  a  well-established  herd  and  a  fairly  complete  equipment. 


Fig.  25. — A  cheap  and  effective  farm  smokehouse. 


KILLING  AND  CURING 3 

Owing  to  the  heavy  demand  for  fresh  pork  at  high  prices,  no 
cured  products  are  as  yet  produced  in  Hawaii.  However,  the  swine 
raiser  who  is  favorably  situated  should  butcher  and  cure  the  meat 
from  some  of  the  hogs  on  his  farm.  He  will  find  it  not  only  cheaper 
than  purchasing  meat,  but  also  that  he  can,  by  selling  the  cured 
product,  build  up  a  lucrative  business  in  a  remarkably  short  time. 

Only  healthy  animals  should  be  selected  for  butchering.  Disease 
from  unhealthy  animals  may  be  transmitted  to  persons  eating  the 
meat. 

At  the  Haiku  substation  excellent  home-cured  hams,  bacon,  sau- 
sage, and  other  pork  products  have  been  made  by  means  of  a  home- 
made smoker.  (Fig.  25.)  None  of  the  meat  spoiled  during  the  salt- 
ing and  curing  process,  even  when  the  temperature  reached  85°  F. 
at  the  time  of  slaughter. 


8  For  hints  on  equipment  for  slaughtering  the  animals  and  treatment  of  carcasses,  see 
IT.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Farmers'  Bulletins  013,  Killing  Hogs  and  Curing  Pork,  and  1186,  Pork 
on  the  Farm  :  Killing,  Curing,  and  Canning. 


42        BULLETIN  48,  HAWAII  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


The  animals  were  slaughtered  either  early  in  the  morning  or  to- 
ward sundown,  and  the  carcasses  were  at  once  split  down  the  spine 
and  cooled  overnight  in  a  specially  louvered  room.9  The  sides  were 
cut  into  pieces  of  suitable  size,  and  together  with  chucks  exceeding  2 

inches  in  thickness  were  injected 
the  following  morning  with  a  solu- 
tion10 made  by  dissolving  a  pint 
of  the  highest-grade  salt  and  a 
tablespoon  of  saltpeter  in  a  quart 
of  boiling  water.  After  being 
cooled  and  strained  this  solution 
is  injected  clear  to  the  bone.  The 
meat  is  then  placed  in  brine. 

The  following  data  show  into 
what  products  a  good  hog,  weighing 
about  250  pounds,  can  be  cut  (Fig. 
26),  and  also  what  percentage  of 
live  weight  of  the  carcass  each  prod- 
uct represents. 

Cuts  and  their  percentage  of  live  we'tihi 
of  the  carcass  of  a  hog  weighing  250 
pounds. 


Cuts. 

Propor- 
tion of 
whole 

animal. 

Hams 

Per  cent. 
12.50 

Shoulders 

10.50 

Sides 

21.45 

Loins 

9.75 

Prime  steam  lard 

12.50 

Tenderloins,  spareribs,  tails,  snouts,  etc 

Leaf  fat 

6.50 
2.80 

Casings,  heart,  liver,  cheek  meat,  etc 

Moisture  and  offal 

12,00 
12.00 

Fig.  26. — Hoav  to  cut  a  carcass  to  ad- 
vantage. A,  haras ;  P>,  shoulders  ;  C, 
fatbac'k  and  loins;  D,  leaf  fat  and 
bacon  ;  Ca  and  Da,  ribs  ;  D.  bellies  ; 
E,  jowl  and  head ;  F,  trimmings ; 
and  G.  feet. 


Carcasses  weighing  from  120  to 
140  pounds  (fresh  pork)  bring  the 
highest  market  prices  in  Honolulu. 
Hogs  weighing  over  200  pounds  are 
less  in  demand,  and  heavy  hogs, 
such  as  find  ready  sale  in  the  States, 
are  difficult  to  dispose  of  on  the 
local  markets. 


TERRITORIAL   REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  THE   IMPORTATION  OF 

SWINE. 

Section  1.  All  pure-bred  swine  intended  for  shipment  to  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii  for  breeding  purposes  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  health 
issued  or  approved  by  an  officer  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
or  by  the  State  veterinarian,  to  the  effect  that  the  animals  have  passed  a  careful 
veterinary  inspection  and  are  free  from  any  indication  of  disease,  and  that 


9  A  room  with  walls  made  of  well   spaced  boards  which   are  sloped   to   shed   rain  and 
fashioned  somewhat  like  window  shutters  to  admit  light  and  air. 

10  A  patented  meat  Salter  was  used  for  this  purpose.     It  is  a  rather  large  instrument 
resembling  a  hypodermic  syringe  and  is  used  with  a  specially  constructed  needle. 


SWINE   RAISING   IN    HAWAII.  43 

neither  hog  cholera  nor  swine  plague  has  existed  within  a  radius  of  5  miles 
of  the  premises  on  which  they  have  been  kept  for  a  period  of  six  months  im- 
mediately preceding  the  date  of  shipment. 

Sec  2.  The  owner  or  importer  must  present  an  affidavit  to  the  effect  that 
the  said  certificate  refers  to  the  swine  in  question,  that  the  same  have  been 
shipped  from  the  premises  mentioned  in  said  certificate  in  clean  and  disin- 
fected cars,  without  unloading,  and  that  they  have  not  been  submitted  to  the 
serum  simultaneous  or  double  treatment  for  hog  cholera  within  30  days  prior 
to  shipment. 

Sec  3.  All  pure-bred  swine  intended  for  breeding  purposes  arriving  in  the 
Territory  without  such  certificate  and  affidavit  shall  be  subject  to  a  quarantine 
of  2  weeks  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  or  importer. 

Sec  4.  All  butcher  hogs  intended  for  shipment  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
for  the  purpose  of  fattening  for  the  market  must  be  accompanied  by  the  certifi- 
cates and  affidavits  as  in  sections  1  and  2  described. 

Sec  5.  Such  swine  arriving  without  the  required  certificates  and  affidavits 
shall  not  be  allowed  to  land  in  the  Territory. 

Sec  6.  All  butcher  hogs  intended  for  shipment  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
for  the  purpose  of  immediate  slaughter  must  be  accompanied  by  the  certificates 
and  affidavits  as  in  sections  1  and  2  described  and  shall  be  unloaded  into  cars, 
drays,  or  trucks  and  transported  direct  to  the  place  of  slaughter  and  shall  not 
he  disposed  of  in  any  other  way  than  by  slaughter. 

Sec  7.  All  such  cars,  drays,  or  trucks  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned  and  disin- 
fected under  the  supervision  of  the  Territorial  veterinarian  before  being  allowed 
to  return  for  reloading  or  to  be  used  for  any  other  purpose,  such  cleaning  and 
disinfection  to  be  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  or  importer. 

Sec  8.  The  Territorial  veterinarian  may  permit  the  landing  and  slaughter  of 
such  swine  when  unaccompanied  by  the  certificates  and  affidavits  required  by 
this  regulation  providing  that  upon  arrival  and  inspection  they  are  found  in 
good  health  and  are  apparently  free  from  all  swine  disease  and  are  slaughtered 
within  2  weeks  after  arrival. 

Sec  9.  All  swine  of  whatsoever  character  arriving  in  the  Territory  exhibit- 
ing symptoms  of  hog  cholera,  swine  plague,  or  any  other  disease  contagious 
to  swine  shall  not  be  allowed  to  land. 


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OF  THIS  PUBLICATION*  MAY  BE   PROCURED  FROM 

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PURCHASER  AGREES  NOT  TO  RESELL  OR  DISTRIBUTE   THIS 
COPY  FOR   PROFIT. — PUB.  RES.  57,  APPROVED  MAY   11,   1922 


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